Bangladesh and Education Essay

commandment a simple word that is single of the major drivers of our planet earth. through and through commandment lot get to know who they ar, where they came from and where they bequeath be capitulum in the near future. training is the spearhead of a guild. It is because of proper cultivation that throng get to know about the diversity of this unpredictable orb. procreation forges the lives of those who get it. study is one of the important factors that affect the attribute and the promoter of leading a prosperous life.Bangladesh was described as one of the forgetfulest countries of this world after the libe ration war in 1971. It had gone through scratchy stagecoachs of floods, droughts, cyclones, famines and other natural calamities and at present one of the worlds well-nigh crowded countries quiesce remains well below the penury line and as a result most of the people is still illite site. Education still and always will remain an important spring ou t of social capital in this world.Education fosters innovation, contributes to the economic addition of a domain and in addition increases the efficiency, effectivity and productivity of any the individuals who get the sprightly of intimacy. The globe Bank (WB) approved generous amount of loans in the young departed to promote and improve the cultivation sector of Bangladesh. However, the organisation activity and the NGOs atomic number 18 playing an active role in the development process by educating the jam population of Bangladesh and the whole words of action in the main counsel their vision on the children and women.In Bangladesh the developmental process is so relax and weak that the development process has become sluggish. OBJECTIVE Education schema in Bangladesh is tether-tiered and highly subsidized and the Bangladesh presidential term ope place many fostering sanctuary in the main(a), secondary and high secondary levels. Through the University G rants Commission, the government finances more(prenominal) than than 35 state universities in the tertiary didactics sector. Bangladesh emphasizes on the pedagogy For All (EFA) objectives, millennium Development Goal (MDG) and the International Declarations. accord to the articles 15 and 17 of the Constitution of Bangladesh, every citizen has the right to foster be on and both(prenominal) children betwixt the ages of 6-18 should receive basal and secondary breeding free of charge. The government should provide the underprivileged children with free books and training free of cost. METHODOLOGY As we argon the students of RS, we were unable to go outside to meet with people and organise interviews with them. So, to gather our information and data, we had to go though different forums, journals, books and different websites. record OF genteelness.From 1971 our didactics musical arrangement started offici onlyy. At the beginning of the learning constitution in Banglad esh the number of prep ars and universities were very poor. There were only 6 public universities in 1971. But now the numbers of universities argon change magnitude. Now the numbers of aboriginal works argon near about 76000. The great point system started from 2000 and the JSC and JDC discipline system was started from 2010. In recent long time Bangladesh has adopted various st ordinategies to spring up the general people mainly the children. In education sector BRACs contribution is bigger. Sir Fazle Hassan Abed founded BRAC civilize at 1972.In the history of education BRAC played an important role . EDUCATION SYSTEM AFTER expiration After the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971, the batchs res publica of Bangladesh became an independent nation free to choose its own educational destiny. As Bangladesh was, and still is, a blue state, many forms of education were permitted to co-exist. The formidable British system was, and still is, largely practiced. In fact, presen tly, the Bangladeshi system of education is divided into three different branches. Students argon free to choose anyone of them provided that they arrive at the means.These branches be The English Medium English medium schools are mainly private and thus reserved for the wealthy class. After three geezerhood of pre-school, students must successfully pass through ten grades to be qualified for writing the Ordinary Level Exams, as well as called the O-Levels. Then after one more course of studies, students so-and-so write the Advanced Level (A-Level) Exams. The Bengali Medium the Bengali Medium, which is offered by the government. In the Bengali Medium, all the courses are offered in Bengali with the exception of English courses and the Religious course.The tuition stipend is minimal compared to English schools but they still vary largely between schools. After three familys of pre-school, students in the Bengali medium do five years of primeval school. Then they move to high school for grade five to grade ten. At the end of the tenth grade, they come out for their SSC (Secondary School Certificate) exam. Afterwards, they move on to dickens years of college following which they give up to write for the HSC (Higher School Certificate) exam. The Religious Branch Bangladesh is a very poor unpolished with international nautical milelions of homeless children.To educate these children, there are religious institutions called Madrashas where these children are sheltered, fed and taught the ways of Islam by priests. These children learn the scripts from the Koran and the regular prayers. Literacy billet in Bangladesh Period Census The 1974 number defined literacy as the qualification to read and write in any language. This definition was in uniformity with the UNESCO one accepted throughout the world. The definition of literacy used in the 1981 census cover only persons of age 5 years and above and include those who could write a letter in any l anguage.The 1991 census also defined literacy as the ability to write a letter in any language but covered persons of age 7 years and above. The effect of change in definition of lite identify has been reflected in the literacy rank of different census years. Increase in Literacy Literacy rate among people of all ages rose from 17% in 1961 to 24. 9% in census year 1991. For the 7 years and above age group, the literacy rate increased from 26. 8% in 1974 to 32. 4% in 1991. In all census periods, the literacy rank were higher among the males than among the females.The female literacy rate, however, rose heartyly in the 1991 census. It was 16. 4% in 1974 and 25. 5% in 1991. Urban plain variation in literacy rate is also quite evident in all census periods. Literacy rates in urban areas are higher than in rural areas in all census periods. Adult literacy Adult literacy rate for population 15 and above is defined as the ratio between the literate population of the age 15 years and o ver to the broad(a) population of the akin age expressed in percentageage. This rate for both sexes was 25. 9% in the 1974 census and 29.2% in the 1981 census. In the 1991 census the rate was 35. 3%. In all census periods, male fully grown literacy rate was higher than the female. Educated adults come to the urban areas for better employment and education. As a result, the adult literacy level of urban population is frequently higher than that of their rural counterparts in all census years. However, the pause between urban-rural literacy rate contract in 1991, as did the gap between the male and female population. This is cod to rural peoples increasing participation in education in recent times.Steps of Bangladesh after Liberation towards development of education The independence of Bangladesh generated a vernal enthusiasm in both government and private level in efforts to expand literacy and remove illiteracy. The Bangladesh Constitution of 1972 provides the rump for a policy on universal primitive election education. The policy has three components establishing a uniform mass oriented and universal system of education extending free and compulsory education to all children and relating education to the needs of society and removing illiteracy.Keeping in view the constitutional directives, Bangladesh connected itself to implement the recommendations of The World Conference on Education for All (1990), The World Summit on Children (1990) and The Summit Declaration on Education for All (1993). elementary Education of Bangladesh Primary education was recognised as the foundation of preparing literate citizens of the republic in all national documents, reports of the commissions, and committees on education. But this stage of education got a momentum only after the enactment of the Compulsory Primary Education Law of 1990.Compulsory primary education under this knead was put downd in 1992 in 68 thanas, and all over the country in 1993. Measure s much(prenominal) as satellite schools, corporation schools, and fodder for Education class were taken up to increase enrolment and decrease dropout. The new primary broadcast based on terminal competencies was implemented in 1992. These locomote resulted in some improvements in various efficiency indicators of primary education such as in gross enrolment ratio and the conclusion rate and raised the participation of girls in primary education.In supplement to state intervention, from the second half of 1980s, the government allowed NGOs to experiment with a configuration of delivery mechanisms to cater to the basic educational needs of the disadvant time-worn population. social occasion of BRAC BRAC launched its education course in 1985 with 22 one-room primary schools following non- statuesque approach. The coating of the BRAC Education Programme is to make a signifi guttert contribution to the acquisition of education for all in Bangladesh.The BRAC Education Program me is mainly instruction on increase access of basic education in unaccessible and underserved population improve feature in formal education system support the government in achieving Millennium Development Goal 2 Education for All by 2015 ? In sheer size, BRAC operates the largest private school system in the world 1. 1 million students (70% of them are girls) are enrolled at present in 37,000 BRAC schools that provide quartet years of non formal primary education. So farther, almost 5 million children energise already graduated from primary school and got their basic education from these schools and close to 95% enrol to secondary schools.Education Programme Primary School operations Primary Schools soon ladder24,398 Current Students0. 75 mil Graduates4. 95 mil Cost per Child per YearUSD 32 Schools for Indigenous Children2,441 Pre-Primary Schools Currently Running13,054 Current Students0. 36 mil Graduates4. 33 mil The Five Year platform(s) According to the enunciate of Bangladesh Education Commission of 1974, the number of adult men and women illiterates in the country at the time of independence was 35 million. The Report recommended adoption of non-formal and mass education programmes for them.Accordingly, the First Five-Year Plan (1973-78) launched a massive functional literacy programme through non-formal education and allocated Tk 400 million for this subsector. The Second Five-Year Plan (1980-85) link high priority to eradication of mass illiteracy. In the Third Five-Year Plan (1985-90) the programme was revived with an allocation of Tk 250 million and a modest bespeak of making 2. 4 million adults literate by June 1990. Information from the property of the Integrated Non-Formal Education (INFE) project (former MEP Office) show that only 27 upazilas were covered in this project out of a target of 71 upazilas.A chalk up of 291,600 adults were made literate in five years. In the poop Five-Year Plan (1990-95) Tk 235. 70 million was allo cated. During the Plan period MEP was continued as a spillover under the project and total of 367,660 adult illiterates of 11-45 years age were made literate. The programme was implemented in 68 thanas of the country. Moreover, under the protective cover of the district administration a programme named Total Literacy Movement (TLM) was started in 1995 in Lalmonirhat and Bhola districts. It was later extended to 15 other districts. Preparatory work is now under way to extend TLM to 22 more districts.The 5th Five-Year Plan (1997-2002) adopted an ambitious objective to compass the goal of Education for All (EFA) by the end of Plan period 2002. The major objectives are to increase gross enrolment in primary schools to 110 percent (net 95%) with particular emphasis on enrolment of girls and on increasing completion rate of primary education to at least 75 percent by the year 2002. The Fifth Plan also l sanction up some important objectives of mass education consistent with the boiler suit objectives of achieving the goal of EFA and fulfilling the educational needs of 30 million adult illiterates.These objectives are to increase literacy rate of adults (15 years and above) to 80% by the year 2002, to endue learners with technical dexteritys, entrepreneurial traits and leadership skills, to empower skills related to literacy, numeracy and communication, to reduce sex activity gap in literacy rates in both rural and urban areas, and to develop continuing education programme for neo-literates. ? BANGLADESH, EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS OF 2005 ? BASIC EDUCATION STATISTICS, 2010 Number of Institution, Enrolment and Teacher in Post-Primary and Primary by solicitude and sex, 2010 Type of SchoolManage.mentInstitutionTeacherStudentIndicators TotalTotalFem. % FemTotalGirl% GirlTSRSPITPI Primary School EducationPublic3767218145510543158. 109885697506116551. 20542625 Private450021995026812834. 157018849347542149. 52351564 Total8267438095717355945. 5616904546853658650. 504420 45 Secondary School EducationPrivate187232107804791722. 737240497387315753. 493438711 Public3177231241733. 4322527710651947. 283171123 Total190402180115033423. 097465774397967653. 313439211 College EducationPrivate3068773201626521. 04150516671642347. 601949125 Public2569900231023. 3388910935852340. 3290347339.Total3324872201857521. 302394275107494644. 902772026 Madrasah EducationPublic310400. 0060642313. 8158202135 Private93581077431091110. 132194863116742753. 192023512 TOTAL93611078471091110. 122200927116765853. 052023512 University EducationPublic319163165618. 072629418198831. 18298482296 Private515710170129. 792009394912524. 45353940112 Total8214873335722. 5746388013111328. 26315657181 proficient & Vocational EduPublic251401554213. 501338971799913. 443353316 Private259711286270823. 993140307052122. 46281214 Total284822455461120. 5344792710258122. 90201578 ProfessionalPublic70179548627.0819120935748. 941127326 Private214312345014. 41508231451628. 561623715 Total284491893619. 0369 9432387334. 131424617 Teacher EducationPublic90103927526. 47176631005856. 941719612 Private9283025530. 728613243728. 2910949 Total182186953028. 36262761249547. 551414410 All (Post-primary)Public101833247768623. 12155407158467537. 6247152733 Private341034167928020719. 2411514931589360651. 182833812 Total351214500398789319. 5313069002647828149. 572937213 All (Primary + Post-primary)Public3869021470211311752. 6911439768564584049. 35532966 Private7910561629414833524. 0718533780936902750. 55302348Total11779583099626145231. 46299735481501486750. 09362547 COMPARISON OF EDUCATION guardianship AND SPENDING OVER THE PERIOD 1980-2008 Figure 5 shows the increasing gap between education assistant and government spending. The 1980s illustrate the smooth gap between aid and spending, which began to increase over time. From 2006 onwards, education aid began to decline and government spending increased. This reflects the relatively low and declining proportion of aid in total education spending. ? TOTAL PRIMARY STUDENT muniment (1985-2005) Fiscal Year Primary student enrolment (millions) 1985 10. 08 1986 10.78 1987 11. 26 1988 11. 76 1989 11. 77 1990 12. 34 1991 13. 03 1992 13. 72 1993 14. 2 1994 15. 19 1995 16. 43 1996 17. 07 1997 17. 32 1998 17. 63 1999 19. 61 2000 17. 67 2001 17. 66 2002 17. 56 2003 18. 43 2004 17. 95 2005 16. 23 PRIMARY ENROLMENT Source Ministry of Education, Bangladesh PROGRESS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT footstep SINCE 2000 One of the key EFA goals is to tick off gender parity in education by 2015 Unlike most South Asian neighboring countries, Bangladesh has already achieved gender parity in primary and secondary education. The GER and NER for girls have increased from 87.7 percent and 63. 9 percent to about 88. 4 percent and 67. 4 percent on an individual basis in spite of appearance 2000-05. About 16. 2 million students are currently enrolled in primary schools in Bangladesh, of which about 8 million are girls In an effort to promote the educ ation of the poor, the GoB has been engaged over the past ten years into demand side interventions such as the Food for Education Program (FFE) and the primary stipend program. PROGRESS IN heavy(a) LITERACY RATE SINCE 2000 According to HIES 2005, Bangladesh is estimated to have about 41. 5 million people aged 15 or more who are illiterate.Considering the extent of distress and the prevailing high illiteracy rate (about 54 percent in 2000), the GoB gives high priority to non-formal education through basic and post-literacy programs and continuing education. The government also recognizes that the literacy and numeracy skills can help improve the income and welfare lieu of the poor. Literacy and social mobilization programs have contributed to raising the national literacy rate from 45. 6% to 52. 7% between 2000 and 2005. Bangladesh is credibly to meet the EFA target of a 50 percent increase in adult literacy by 2015 if the annual growth rate of literacy rate exceeds 4 percent.The literacy and social mobilization programs are likely to have contributed to raising the national literacy rate from 45. 6 percent to 52. 7 percent between 2000 and 2005 (cf. HIES 2000 & 2005). In particular female literacy rate has gone up by almost 9 percentage points compared to male literacy rate which only records a 5 percentage point increase. Furthermore, the number of illiterates aged 15 to 30 has decreased from about 15 million to 11. 8 million between 2000 and 2005. Although Rural areas appear to be still dawdle behind urban areas. ? PROGRESS IN PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE SINCE 2000OVERVIEW OF THE PRIMARY EDUCATION AND ADULT EDUCATION Bangladesh sustains one of the largest primary education systems in the world with as many as 80,401 primary institutions of 10 different kinds namely, GPS, RNGPS, NRNGPS, experimental schools, community schools, kindergartens, NGO schools, ebtedaee madrashas, primary sections of high madrashas, primary sections of high schools. According to th e School Survey Report 2008, GPS, RNGPS, Experimental and community schools constitute 75% of the total institutions. These four categories of institutions are providing primary education to 81.9% of the total primary school enrolled children of over 16. 3 million. The proportions of boys and girls enrolled at the primary level are 49. 3% and 50. 7% respectively. A total of 364494 teachers are engaged in primary teach in all the ten categories of institutions comprising 40. 4% female and 59. 6% male. The proportion of female teachers in GPS, RNGPS, PTI and community schools is 50. 2%, 32. 2%, 39. 0% and 73. 6% respectively and the pupilteacher ratio is 51. 4, 44. 7, 48. 1 and 43. 35 respectively. NGOs in the country have been making significant contribution to the education sector.About 500 NGOs are currently running 48,855 learning centers for providing primary education to 10,24,495 females and 6,06,802 males in the country (CAMPE, 2007). A total of 518 NGOs have been engaged in education programs of which more than 450 have adult literacy programs integrated into NFE. The NGOs are providing adult education to 1,19,277 females and 26,193 males through 6,574 learning centers (CAMPE, 2007). However, some of the major NGOs in the country offering adult education are BRAC, Proshika, Dhaka Ahsania Mission, FIVDB, Action Aid, Swanirvar Bangladesh.BRAC has been the largest NGO in the country operating the largest non-formal education program. It runs 34000 NFPE schools serving 1. 02 million un-enrolled and drop out children of the marginal families. RELATE WITH MDG The politics of Bangladesh has made commitment in the World Education Forum held at capital of Senegal, Senegal in April 2000, towards achievement of Education for All goals and every citizen by the year 2015. The World Education Forum adopted six major goals for education, two of which also became Millennium Development Goals later in the same year.The Dakar goals covered the attainment of Universal P rimary Education (UPE) and gender e superior, meliorate literacy and educational quality, and increasing life-skills and early on childhood education programs, and were to be achieved within 15 years (EFA Global Monitoring Report, 200528) However, the gender goal was judged to be particularly urgent requiring the achievement of parity in enrolments for girls and boys at primary and secondary levels by 2005, and of full equality throughout education by 2015.The Millennium declaration of the United Nations adopted on 8 kinfolk 2000 by all member states in the millennium Summit gave surrender to eight goals to be achieved by 2015 (UN, 20053). at any rate the eight goals, there are 18 targets and 48 indicators in the MDGs. All these Aaspects are pertinent to storm poverty, hunger, illiteracy, diseases, inequality between man and woman, infant mortality, maternal mortality, environmental humiliation and improving global partnership for development.The second Goal has designated u niversal primary education that emphasizes the implicit objective of equal education for boys and girls alike and to be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. Bangladesh is committed to achieve the MDGs and the goals are included in the countries first Poverty simplification Strategy Paper. By May 2005, the government developed Unlocking the Potential issue Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (PRSP).It takes a rights-based approach and identifies four strategic objectives creating opportunity towards realizing the full potential of children i. e. access to health, nutrition, education, water and sanitisation ensuring the best interests of children in national, social, family and personal situations i. e. empowerment of children ensuring safety and security at home and in the public space i. e. protection against abuse, exploitation and military group and establishing and protecting childrens rights i. e. social inclusion, decent work and livelihood.PRSP goal is to introduce and strengthen early childhood and pre-school education introduce a structured and common primary education opportunity for all children improve quality of primary education 100% enrolment, and raise all other targets to achieve quality and completion in primary education increase literacy rate to 80% and expand the scope of NFE beyond the literacy to reach out to the essential poor and in remote areas (PRSP, 200550-51). In summing up the discussion it can be said that Bangladesh has been improving in primary education importantly since independence.Though primary education has been given priority from the emergence of the country but some dramatic changes has been noticed in the 1990s. This decade see a renewed dedication to the expansion of primary education, and consequently primary education experienced significant enhancement during the period. In 1990, in a major policy direction Bangladesh made commitment to international meekness and as a result WCEFA ca me into being. Similar major international initiatives were taken in 2000.World Education Forum at Dakar and the UN Millennium conference at New York, fixed various targets and goals, named as MDGs. As a signatory country, Bangladesh is now committed to attain these targets by 2015. Currently primary education in Bangladesh is on target of achieving the second MDGs phase and it is a matter of concern Number of Students Enrolled in Primary Schools and office of Boys and Girls *percentage of boys and girls students in primary schiools (1991-2009) Number of Students % of Students YearTotalBoysGirlsBoysGirls199112,635,4196,910,0925,725,32754. 745. 3 199213,017,2677,048,5425,968,72554. 245. 8 199314,067,3327,525,8626,541,47053. 546. 5 199415,180,6808,048,1177,132,56353. 047. 0 199517,284,1579,094,4898,189,66852. 647. 4 199617,580,4169,219,3588,361,05852. 447. 6 199718,031,6739,364,8998,666,77451. 948. 1 199818,360,6429,576,9428,783,70052. 247. 8 199917,621,7319,065,0198,556,71251. 448. 6 200017,667,9859,032,6988,635,28751. 148. 9 200117,659,2208,989,7958,669,42551. 049. 0 200217,561,8288,841,6488,720,18050. 349. 7 200318,431,3209,358,7579,072,56350.849. 2 200417,953,3009,046,4338,906,86750. 449. 6 200516,225,6588,091,2218,134,43749. 8750. 13 200616,385,8478,129,3148,256,53349. 650. 4 200716,312,9078,035,3538,277,55449. 350. 7 200816,001,6057,919,8378,081,76849. 4950. 51 200916,539,3638,241,0268,298,33749. 8350. 17 Statictis of primary schools in Bangladesh(1996-2009) YEARInstitution GPSEXPRNGPSCOMM* SATTHSAPSNGPSKGEb. Mad- rashaHMAPSNGOTotal 1996377105219683275920027593963143494992759-80818 19973771052195291962104212923472154582312850-77685 19983771053196582989282215823177169171732948-79803199937709531955331072945123026321940640432531478840 200037677531925330613884122021262296371034379276809 2001376715319428326840951576197124773843357417078126 2002376715319428322548231576179224773443357430178363 2003376715319428326048231618167030886581820034586737 2004376715419814 3218-1283169937456723821444782868 20053767254196823027-135394622816768*832928980401 20063767254199993192-1314114026656726892033882020 20073767254201073186-131497322536726892022981434 20083767254200833263-157196629876744923340882981 20093767255200612991-95981927446744923323081508GPS- giving medication Primary School, RNGPS- Registered Non Government Primary School, NGPS- Non Government Primary School, EXP- PTI attached Experimental School, KG- Kinder Garden, HSAPS- High School Attached Primary Schools, HMAPS- High Madrasa Attached Primary School, * SATT Sattilite Schools which are closed from 2004 . CHALLENGES Quality of teachers Teachers poor academic quality and low competency is a serious difficulty for students educational attainment. Rahman attempted to establish a profile of the primary school teachers by interviewing some 500 teachers.He found that most of the teachers have only the SSC/HSC interrogative in the third division (Rahman, 198632). This poor quality of teacher s academic competencies results in in useful teaching. Fund neediness of funding is a big problem. The government and take for grantedors try to invest more in education sector to achieve the goals of education for all. Quality of education Bangladesh has a significant progress in achieving some goals of education for all but it needs to focus on the quality of education and early childhood development. Coaching centers some coaching centers are very much expensive.It helps to decrease childs creativity because students found readymade notes there and they dont need to work for it. Students politics when students participate in politics, they can not concentrate their studies. They will very much busy with policy-making activities rather than their study because they are given money to do this. wish of consistency Dhaka, Jan 2 (BDNEWS) Countries leading educationists Monday demanded cancellation of the proposed unified education, which was postponed earlier, and introduction of a genuine unified education based on equality, and scientific and secular thinking at secondary level.RECOMMENDATION 1. Inclusion of legitimate education in governments policy priorities, and to undertake concrete steps to improve its quality. 2. Formation of a Council of Legal Education for overall control, supervise and supervision of levelheaded education in Bangladesh. The Council will exercise its functions in collaboration with the Bar Council and the University Grants Commission. Necessary justness is to be enacted for the formation of the Council, which would also entail amendment of the Bangladesh Legal Practitioners and Bar Council Order 1972, in so far as it concerns legal education.3. To form legal education committee in the University Grants Commission consisting of the representatives of the legal philosophy schools, and with this end in view to make undeniable amendments in the University Grants Commission Order, 1972 and the relevant rules. 4. Provision for additional vocational course up to one year for uprightness graduates as prequalification for appearing at the bar examination. How this course would be designed and run would be inflexible by the proposed Council of Legal Education. 5.Rational combination of academic and vocational contribution of legal education to make sure equity graduates acquire knowledge, skill and competency for legal practice as well as law related general services. It is necessary to provide for more applicative methods of teaching law i. e. Socratic method, problem method, case study, moot court and jeer trial, clinical legal education etc. 6. Promotion of inter-disciplinary approach to curriculum to help students better understand the societal problems.Subjects like national history, economics, political science, sociology, logic etc could be included in the law curriculum. 7. Inclusion of new law courses (subjects) in the curriculum to respond to the needs of modern economy, ICT and globalisation . Subjects such as corporate law, international economic law, e-commerce, intellectual property law, environmental law, medical jurisprudence need to be included. 8. To include in the curriculum separate courses on ADR, legal ethics, research, drafting and conveyancing. 9.Need for emphasising transnational aspects of law to include more subjects on public and private international law and comparative law. 10. To enhance human rights and gender sensibility of legal education. state papers on these issues are suggested to be included in the curriculum 11. Narrowing down the gap between college legal education and university legal education by including more subjects in college curriculum and extending its duration. 12. Introduction of clinical legal education which means learning law by providing legal services to the community.Students need to be involved in various ADR activities where they will be exposed to real life situations and get opportunities to apply their knowledge of l aw as well as be sensitised to the rights of the marginalised sections of the community. 13. prompt need for massive reforms and overhauling of college legal education by (a)extension of duration of courses from be two years to three years with emphasis on practical courses in the final year (b)introduction of entre tests (c)limiting number of seats for admission (d)mandatory appointment of full time teachers(e)provision for government financial assistance (f)provision for passable infrastructural facilities like class-rooms, library, books, computers etc (g)provision for effective supervision of the colleges. 14. Establishment of government sponsored model law college to set the norms and standards of modern legal education. 15. Evaluation and examination of students by problem oriented questions. 16. Introduction of basic legal education at SSC and HSC levels as a part of general legal awareness, and as a stage of prequalification for higher studies in law.Ministry of Educati on is to provide necessary directives and frame rules to integrate fundamentals of law of the land in SSC and HSC curriculum. 17. To preserve the present bilingual character of medium of instruction for law with an emphasis on effective learning of English. 18. To provide for institutional accountability of teachers, and their evaluation by the students. dilate of the procedures of accountability and evaluation would need to be worked out. 19. Provision for training of the teachers. 20.Besides legal profession of a lawyer and a judge, to create more diversified professional job opportunities for the law graduates in various government and non-government departments. One of the ways to do it is to create by competitive examination BCS cadre service(legal) for law graduates to perform law related works in various government and autonomous bodies. CONCLUSION Bangladeshs education system has deeply entrenched links to the English language over many centuries. This has made English the de facto second language.Whats more important though, English is the primary language of trade and commerce here, which makes Bangladesh a very loving destination for software and IT services off shoring. And now the government also has been taking some steps for the betterment of the educational system of Bangladesh. People are also concerned now unlike the previous dates. The people and the young generations should come forward along with the government on this purpose. We should record one thing that we need to change for the development.

Anthro: Human Studying Essay

1. How do physical anthropologists use the scientific order? wee-wee an example. 2. Create an appropriate question, hypothesis and test for the following note The right scapula (shoulder blade) t stopping points to be larger than the left in humans. 3. develop the difference between a possibleness and a hypothesis. enthral countenance an example for each. 4. Describe the major subfields in anthropology? Describe each in terms of what they study. 5. Compare and contrast Darwins theory of vivid pick and Lamarcks theory of acquired characteristics. How are they similar and dissimilar? 6. Many quite a little argue that evolution is just a theory. Define theory and then describe how evolution does or does not fit the definition. 7. How is natural selection related to environmental factors? How can selective pressures change? Give an example (HINT- think of the peppered moths) 8. How do RNA and DNA differ in structure and function (purpose)?9. Describe the structure of the DNA mol ecule in as much detail as possible. 10. Describe the nucleus and ribosomes as they relate directly to the process of protein synthesis (HINT- youll need to briefly beg off protein synthesis to fully answer this question). 11. Explain wherefore it is important that the end result of meiosis is different than the end result for mitosis. 12. It is true that every last(predicate) organisms (humans, animals, etc) have the same structure of their DNA as humans. Please apologise then why we wholly dont look the same, if we all have the same A, T, C and Gs in our body. 13. hold forth some possible medical outcomes of the human genome project. 14. Explain Mendels linguistic rule of segregation.15. Explain how two provokes who do NOT express a incident trait in their phenotype can nevertheless produce children who express the trait. Please attain a specific example where this could occur. 16. Describe how the trait reap hook Cell Anemia demonstrates DNA mutation, inheritance princi ples, and the stages of evolution. The stages of evolution can be remembered using this saying Genes Mutate, Individuals are Selected, Populations Evolve. In your answer, please describe what initially caused Sickle Cell Anemia (NOT what it does in your bodybut what originally brought it on- HINT- THINK DNA), how one can inherit it, and why we cant get rid of the S allele.17. Explain how founders nucleus can lead to a descendant population that differs greatly from its parent population over a relatively short period of time. 18. Is washout a valid, biologically meaningful concept? Why or why not? 19. Discuss how adjustments to local environments have likely influences the evolution of flake off color in different geographic regions of the world. 20. What is the difference between Allen and Bergmanns rules? 21. What is the difference between an acclimatization and an adaptation? In your answer, please give an example for each. 22. How is lactose intolerance a good example of an adaptation? In your answer, please explain what lactose intolerance is, and why we meet it only in certain population

A Doll’s House and the Macaroon

Gloria Nguyen Period 5 2010 February 24 A significant symbol in A Dolls family by Henrik Ibsen are the macaroons that manoeuver up several times at heart the course of the play because it shows that Nora is non truthful to Torvald and that their household is tangled up in a web of deceit. She slips the bag of macaroons in her pocket and wipes her blab .Nora knows that Torvald dis desires her spending money on guilty pleasures like macaroons so she tries to cover them, just as she tries to hide the truth of her bond and debts. The macaroons also show that Nora is uncomfortable with completely of the rules and regulations Torvald has set up and that she has her own will and chief set. When Torvald asks her if she had any macaroons, she immediately responded with No, Torvald, really I promise you. It shows that she may ware a different set of morals than Torvald and that she is not at all comfortable in her living situation and Torvald is not one of her confidants like Dr. Rank and Mrs. Linde. The macaroons show that Nora is not the perfect doll that Torvald tried to border her into. The macaroons function in the text was to show that although that some families and lives seem mental picture perfect, most of the time it is not true, as proven by Noras need to hide the bond and macaroons from Torvald.The macaroons could also represent Noras emergency to be independent and free, that she wants to rebel and be someone of her own do as opposed to being Torvalds little songbird, squirrel and driving Capri. Ibsens use of symbolism in using such a minor pleasure impacts the story in a huge port by subtly showing the reader that Noras lifestyle is not as truthful and happy as it seems and that something as small as an innocent white lie about macaroons can set the power of lies that are to come.

Macro Environment External Forces that Affect Bakery Industry Essay

Executive summarygenus capital of France baguette is a French elysian Korean bakeshop, which started in 1945, and it started off as a sm all(a) bakeshop. capital of France baguette is now a graduate(prenominal)ly competitive bakery that has 32 encloses worldwide and 4 stores in Singapore. This report is to advice capital of France baguette on matters that be associated with effective merchandising for its product, propose, promotion and scathe. This report pull up stakes let the cat out of the bag closely affaires like, what Marco- environs that go away usurp the bakeryindus elbow grease as comfortably as what micro surroundings that will affect our organization.This report will in addition be explain what product positioning and perceptual intent is and with the aid of perceptual use it will illust prise the product positioning of genus capital of France Baguette a pass onst their enemys. The recommendation for the report is to advertise capital of Franc e Baguette on boob tube or the saucilyspaper to outgrowth brand aw beness. In addition, to open to a greater extent(prenominal) branches in Singapore, as quaternity stores is nonhing comp ared to their competitors like cacography Talk. orbitgenus Paris Baguette has started in 1945, called as Sang-mi-dang in Woongjin, Korea. They had moved Sang-mi-dang to capital of South Korea in 1948. The president of the ships company, Chang Sung Hur had changed the name of the company as surface-to-air missile Lip General Food Company in 1968 and entered the franchise market as a general food company. In 1997, they lay down headstrong to gather in product brand called Shany Cake hence, the Sam lip and Shany patty shown great impact in the bread indus show.In do to sanction their business, they realized they need bakery brand so they established Paris Croissant in 1986 and they called it as Paris Baguette, which is a sumptuousness French bakery brand. They relieve oneself make first store at Gwanghwamun(Korea), one of the place that a lot of battalion in Korea. They had substantially success, kept expanding the stores, and had 100 stores in Korea in 1992. They did 1st place in bakery indus savour in 1997, and they maintained the 1st place all the way. In 2004, they decided to expand the stores overseas and opened first store in Shanghai. As a result, they nurse nearly 3,200 stores in Korea alone. macro instruction Environment external forces that affect bakery indus accent2.1Demographic environmentThe bourn demography refers to the study of human population on the basis of gender, advance, race, income level, density, education, family size, occupation, and so forth According to the data reports that released by Singapore government, the population of female residents is close equal to males. The main target customers of bakery industry are deal out as females be realise they are most likely to have a seraphic tooth.It ungenerouss that there is sti ll round room for remedyment to describe potential customers, such(prenominal) as males.Besides, an aging population and declining birth rate also has impact on bakery industry. The range in age from 5 to 35 is considered as main target customers in bakery industry. With the increase of elderly and decrease of children, consumers of bakery industry will be gradually decrease. In parade to cast more than potential customers, bakery companies whitethorn launch new products that suit fitted for males and elders, such as zesty bread with meat or soft bread, which posterior be easily chew.2.2Political EnvironmentAs a country, which has been crown the most business- matey prudence all over the world for the previous 7 socio-economic classs, no one will doubt that Singapore government encourage the development of company. Policy restrain jockstraps with company operation, such as decrease the business income tax- it will increase the profit of company. Singapore government inc rease the wages tax in order to help poor tribe, thus, more customers will be able to afford bread. In addition, policies of childbirth encouragement and immigration also help to increase the numbers of consumers. Children are attract by lovely encounter and sweet taste of desserts, Europeans and Ameri put ups prefer bread instead of rice, and they should be regulars of bakeries. However, these policies also benefit early(a) companies in bakery industry, and it will result in increasing of competitions. In order to hold the market share, the company whitethorn reduce the footing of bread or launch more renewal of bread.2.3Economic EnvironmentEconomic factors are consists of inflations, taxation, delight rate, currency exchanges rate, depression, etc. Those factors will influence the purchasing power and pass patterns of customers. If the interest rate increased, pile would like to save their money in bank instead of spending them. That will result in decrease of buying power , thus, the profit of company will reduced also. puffiness also causes decrease of buying power. Inflation puts a lot of pressure on people, and they will decrease unremarkable expenses, it may influence the bakery industry.Micro Environment forces that affect Paris Baguette2.4CompetitorsIn Singapore, Break Talk considered as a competitor of Paris Baguette because both of these both brands are consists of bakery and caf. In comparison, Bread Talk is more famous and familiar than Paris Baguette because it is the local brand and it is plenty of branches. There are only four outlets of Paris Baguette, however more than 25 branches of Bread Talk in Singapore. The advantages of Paris Baguette are delicacy and descriptor of products. Delicate appearances of apparel and products attract many customers. The advantages of Bread Talk are its begin price and promotions. To compare these two brands, Paris Baguette is more worthy for yuppies, but Bread Talk is suitable for ordinary family .2.5CustomersThe customers positioning of Paris Baguette children, couples and 15 to 35-year-old females. harvest-homes of Paris Baguette are more valuable than other general bakery brands, thus, consumers of Paris Baguette should be hearty pay. Customers prefer caf of Paris Baguette, so they frequented braches in the afternoon, especially during the weekends.Macro environment forces that affect Paris BaguetteTwo of the Macro environment, which have affect Paris Baguette are the Economic environment and social-cultural environment. The economic environment affected the Paris Baguette franchises, which the production approachs increased collectible to the price of the oil and the shred increased. All the franchises have to pay more in order to purchase the ingredients. Besides, Paris Baguette in the Ameri rat and China markets have faced some uncertain economic failure. This has cause rather a big impact to Paris Baguette. A half-hearted currency is the sign of a weak economy , and a weak economy leads to a weak nation. (Perot, N.D).In addition, the social-cultural environment, which affect Paris Baguette have to know the different cultural food taste of the chosen country, which mean they have to find out what type of products can increase the interest and Paris Baguette have to cooperate with it by creating the product the people like. Besides, for the aging people and woman will give more anxiety to their own health and they prefer more on organic food. In order to aim a bigger market, Paris Baguette has to recruit more organic and healthy products due to the healthy diet flow.Product Positioning.Product positioning is one of marketing techniques that promote products in the opera hat way to target audiences. The most important thing is to buy the product. It is quite a similar with market segmentation as the product positioning is made of creating the message and involves the symbol and manipulation, which conclude display and packaging. In Paris baguette, they employ 5 rules for the product positioning. They are threat of new entrants (too over much capital is not required for joining the bakery franchise market), bargaining power of suppliers (the untoughened material is important for them in bakery industry and the materials like rice and flour), threat of substitute products (many other substitute products are exist such as flour based food, instant food, etc.For example, Starbucks is one of caf that makes utmost profit with substitute products), bargaining power of customers (They dont have difficulty to switch purchasing outlets because of standardized bakery products) and competitive ambition within an industry (there is intense competition in the market among other brands because of saturation. There does not have many firms within industry but big brands like Tour les Jour exist. There also have steep exit barriers and hard to differentiate the strategic for for each one firm.).Perceptual mappingFrom the pic ture above, we can watch out that Paris Baguettes (PB) and Baker & Cook (B&C) has the high price and high quality compared to Sunshine bakeshop (SB). It is because PB and B&C uses very good quality and high terms for the ingredients compared to SB. B&C is treating products or so higher than PB is because of the companys regulation. Paris Baguette use the product positioning strategy, which is positioning by price/quality. This is because they want to make sure their customer compensate with their products and can consume their product is in high quality in other words mean the taste of the bread, the freshness and the crispiness of the bread. However, in order to produce a high quality product, they have to use high quality raw materials to produce their products such as the flour, butter, grain and other, which mean their products are in high quality and the price isslightly higher. The quality of a leader is reflected in the standards they set for themselves. (Kroc, 1984) m arket inquiryThe primary marketing research technique that I would recommend Paris Baguette to use for collecting information related to customer delight is the survey method. The survey method is by far the most familiar of all the research method. Survey method is a list of questions that supplicate individuals about their preferences, attitudes towards our product and buying behaviours. We would need to create the questionnaire that will temper the data. Example of the survey question will beWhat is the first thing that comes into your mind when you think of Paris baguette? Do you enjoy our selection of bread?Which one of our product do you like best?How can we improve on our product?Are our prices reasonable?Are our staffs friendly?Is our branch location convenient for you?What new product would you like to try?What is your age group?Others-These questions will help Paris Baguette improve on their product and find out what their customers thinks about the organization and w hat new products they would like to see from Paris baguette. One finding that I have found from the marketing research is that our shops location is inconvenient for people that are rushing. In addition, we open only at 10a.m, which is after the morning compass point hour. Paris Baguette can make our stores more convenient for the running(a) class by putting them near the MRT stations and opening our stores in the lead the morning peak hour. By opening our stores during peak hour we can attract people who have not ate their breakfast as they are rushing for work, and by putting our stores near an MRT. It would make it much more convenient for people to come to our stores to buy our product especially those who are rushing.Marketing Mix Strategies of Paris BaguetteMarketing ruffle up consists on the 4Ps, which are product, price, promotion and place. We are going to discerp the marketing mix the Paris Baguette bakery. In first place, we can see that the Paris Baguette is a baker y with a high variety of products. The Paris Baguette supplies fresh bakery products in over 3000 locations worldwide. Their products are different for each country depending on the culture and the people of each country. They do not have the same products In United States and In Singapore, for example. This is because people from different countries have different preferences of taste. However, there are some common products in all their branches. For example, the most common products are the types of bread, the pastries and pie, the cakes, desserts and devisees and beverages.They also sell other type of products like cups of tea. Talking about the price, the price in the Paris Baguette is equal to the quality of the product and the cost of purchase. The Paris Baguette keeps affordable prices in order to be loving for more people to attract more customers. Of course they have to analyse the competitors prices and offers before adjust the final price of their products. Also determ ining the supplicate of each product and the estimating costs. If a product has a high demand, the cost would increase. For example, a piece of cake would cost around $3.95. Talking about the promotion, the Paris Baguette is a bakery with lots of promotions. They use two different ways of promotion to attract people. The first way is to do advertisements about their products with nice pictures and an apparently family friendly place.The second way is doing sales promotion. For example, buy one dessert and get the second one free, or doing breakfast offers like a cup of coffee and a sandwich for $3.50. They use this two ways for promotion. Finally, the place. The Paris Baguette concenteres always in getting branches in the centre of the cities. They are not interested in getting branches in small towns or places with not too much people. This is because they want a high average of people per mean solar day and this can achieved just in the centre of the cities and specific places . For example, in Singapore they have a big branch in Orchard, which is the main road in Singapore.Marketing MixIn my opinion, there are a a couple of(prenominal) points that Paris Baguette could implement inthe future. This can be focus on the promotion events. In my opinion, the Paris Baguette could implement quite a lot their customers by doing some cake and bread events. Paris Baguette can attract more customers, while promoting their products. This could be make by doing some events each year rent a place in a shopping mall and set up a stage in a large crowd places .Meanwhile, while promoting their products, Paris Baguette can give out their new products with free of energize . This would be an improvement for their fame. This because as long as it is free, when people try their bakery products and it taste good, people will buy the products. These events will attract people from everywhere, which mean Paris Baguette will have more customers buying their products and it wil l increase their profit. Profit in business comes from go back customers, customers that boast about your project or service, and that bring friends with them. (Edwards, 1993)RecommendationIn Singapore, Bread Talks fame surpasses Paris Baguette. Thus, Paris Baguette may advertise on TV or newspaper in order to increases brand awareness. Besides, they also need to expand more branches all around Singapore in every single shopping malls to increase competitive. This is because are only four branches of Paris Baguette, which is far less than numbers of branches of Bread Talk and other bakery companies.ConclusionSang mi dang was a small bakery which began in 1945. After some improvement, Paris Baguette have been start up and their business expand with a speedy speed. Paris Baguette is a mature domestic franchise bakery with a high percentage of share terms and their shops have already franchised to worldwide. Paris Baguette have maintained their high position for a period. This is beca use they have did their Micro and Macro environmental factors, which will affect their business, and they try to overcome it. Besides, Paris Baguette also did investigation of its competitors, in order to know more about its competitors. After the investigation have done, they try to compare it to their own companies by using a perceptual mapping concept, which can help them to know their own range with its competitors.Moreover, to know how to gain more customers, Paris baguette choose a survey method by asking the random passers and toknow more about, which bakery products do they prefer or like. In addition, Paris baguette known as a bakery which more on product and price, which mean they sell high quality products. Therefore, they will choose a high quality of raw ingredients to produce their products and set up a higher price but reasonable. Nevertheless, Paris Baguette also choose more move area to set up their shop to let more people notice their shop and buy their products. Besides, in order to attract customer, Paris Baguette also did some promotions for theirs products such as the special of the day for the products.ReferencesBarney, J.B (1995). Looking inside for competitive advantage, Academy of Management Executive, 9(4), 49-61Cafehopping. (2012-2014). Paris Baguette. easy http//cafehopping.sg/review-post/paris-baguette-cafe-singapore/. digest accessed 3rd April 2014.Demographics of Singapore. ONLINE Available from Accessed 20 litigate 2014Henry, A (2008), reason Strategic Management (1st ed.), Oxford OUP.Jaeseok Jeong, et. al. (2013). Sucess Factor of Paris Baguettes Bakery Frachise Business Industry Competition and Core Competence Analysis. ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL. 15 (2), p1-27.James Manktelow. (1996-2014). The Marketing Mix and 4 Ps. Available http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_94.htm. Last accessed 3rd April 2014.Political Environment. ONLINE Available from Accessed 27 March 2014 shot Kroc. (1902-1984). Ray Kroc quotes. Availab le last accessed 1st April 2014.Ross Peros, (N.D).Quotes. AvailableLast accessed 1st April 2014.S. Jaychandran (2006). Marketing Management text and cases. New Delhi Anurag Jain.Singapore is most business-friendly for 7th year straight By Malminderjit Singh The Business Times Fri, Oct 26, 2012 ONLINE Available from Accessed 21 March 2014W. Edwards. (1900-1993). W. Edwards Deming quotes. Available http//thinkexist.com/quotation/profit_in_business_comes_from_repeat_customers/226671.html. Last accessed 3rd April 2014.What is a macro environment? ONLINE Available from Accessed 20 March 2014

Marriage and Ancient Greek Culture

Marriage is when a man and a char are religiously committed to each separate. In ancient Greek culture, this reflected on the family relationship of the mogul and Queen, and Odysseus and genus Penelope, but they werent quite similar. The King and Queen had a closer relationship, piece of music Odysseus and Penelope were always separated. Odysseus and Penelopes conjugal union was nothing like the King and Queens. Odysseus wasnt in truth devoted while trying to get stand to his wife. For example, the first time Odysseus wasnt faithful was when he was captured by Calypso.In The Odyssey, it said Even as he spoke, the sun set and the darkness swept the earth. And now, withdrawing into the caverns thick(p) recesses, long in each others arms they upset themselves in love. That basically says that they had a sexual relationship. This wasnt really good of Odysseus due to the fact that hes married. On the other hand, Penelope is at home waiting for him, and making up excuses that sh e go out marry someone new. To make the other people believe that she unsows her reliever to take longer. The better relationship is between the King and Queen.Unlike Penelope and Odysseus, they peppy together. In The Odyssey, they said Alcinous slept in chambers deep in his loft house where the queen his wife arranged and share their bed. That showed that they didnt sleep in different beds, but that they slept together and shared it. The King and Queen are an example of what marriage should be like. Men and woman play different roles. In The Odyssey, there are different roles. For example, woman had to be seen with their husband and not any other man, because then they would be called a bad name.Also, men shouldnt change in former of other woman while hes married because it doesnt show respect for their self and their wife. Ancient Greek culture had umteen rules, and they were better if you followed them. Marriage and courtship is very important to Greek culture. not everyon e takes it serious, for instance, Odysseus. He wasnt faithful, and showed he doesnt care for his wife back home. The King shows hes very loving to his wife because they live together. Not all marriages are the same, and not everyone takes it as a commitment.

End of Life Issues Essay

Euthanasia means considerably death unless nowadays the term is deemed as a merciful challenge to relieve most i of suffering. In mevery cases we have seen termin eithery ill patients euthanized bustling voice or passive, yet for the sake of my essay I leave alone dissertate active mercy killing. End of bearing issues is a topic many families be faced with everyday more than one identicals to imagine however, imagine that you were a significant other who has a love one in the infirmary suffering from a terminal illness and their pain is unbearable that your loved one has decided to difference his aliveness and the subject of euthanasia comes up. What would you do? The initial thought that would come to mind is that this is morally wrong and unimaginable in our society. I will talk ab off euthanasia and how troika honest theories presented in this course would better help answer your call into question of euthanasia macrocosm morally wrong. The moral theory of Imm anuel Kants Deontology helps ethically with the views of euthanasia and the strengths and weakness of egoism and Utilitarianism will also be presented. This is where the deontological undertake might help a family understand that its morally unexceptionable to reliever their loved one as he or she accepts active euthanasia as a means to end their life.Deontology argues that an action is compensate or wrong in itself ir delight inive of the consequences and it is our duty our good will as Kant lays it to do the serious thing. I ask the question what determines that right thing. Might it be religion and the word of god for those that believe in God or might it be for you several universal principles. Kants categorical says to Act in such a bearing that you bear upon humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, constantly at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end. In other lyric, all passelincluding youdeserve respect. It would always be wrong to carry on citizenry as objects, or as a way of achieving some goal, or in another way that does not show respect. (Kant 1997, 1998)that we treat hatful as ends in themselves and not means to our ends.In other words we must respect the wishes of the patient. The strengths of Deontology as it relates to euthanasia is that the deontology argument is based on tackles and an action is good if it follows the rule. The results doesnt matter the only thing that matters is that we treat others with respect and love for that is something we should want for ourselves. The right to choose euthanasia is a right in its own and to also appeal to some inhering laws when you say that a person should be able to choose whether they lie with or put across. These argon both rules. Your argument is that euthanasia is consistent with these rules and is because ethical. This is a deontological argument. Although, Kant held that if one commits suicide because one believes that the remainder of ones life will be filled with more discomfort than pleasure, whence one fails to treat oneself as an end and so long as one retains the capacities that would make you a person than one should always respect that life. Critics of deontology stated that the Kantian version seems too sterile and fails to capture some of the complex issues that arise when we confront ethical problems in real life (moser, 2013). The weakness to my argument as it relates to deontology and euthanasia is that taking your own life will not be morally acceptable in todays society. With that being said, Kant did not believe in the outcome of an action or whether or not its ethical. When considering euthanasia, then, Kant will not be interested in the level of suffering of the patient or relatives. He would not agree that we should do the loving thing. He would work out what the right thing to do was.With Kants categorical imperative Kant assumes that being a moral person is a requirement and Uni versalizing the maxim I helping a love one to die would give a universal law that everyone should be helped to die a self-contradiction. If you took the maxim I should help that love one, who is terminally ill, suffering unbearably and desperate to die, to die you might create a more acceptable universal rule such as Anyone who is terminally and incurably ill, suffering greatly and has freely chosen to die, should be helped to die( rsrevision ). Also, some may say that deontology may require one to act in a way that seems evidently wrong and unethical. The deontologist maintains that some or all actions are right or wrong in themselves because of the type of action they are whether or not they produce the greater good.This type of view is less easy to systemise than the Consequentiality view. The second ethical theory The Egoist believes that the right action is always that which has the lift out consequences for the doer of the action, or agent. As with Utilitarianism, there are polar versions of this dogma harmonize to whether the good consequences are seen in terms of maximum pleasure, minimum pain (Hedonistic Egoism) or in terms of other good consequences for the agent, such as his or her self- development or flourishing. At first sight, Hedonistic Egoism seems to prescribe a life spent trampling on anyone who gets in ones way, and so to be rule out as contrary to everything that is normally thought of as right. further ever since Plato philosophers have realized that in general human beings cannot maximise pleasure in that way.Most people are not pissed enough to do this with impunity, and in any case most people claim friendship and cooperation with others for their own happiness. So Hedonistic Egoism cannot be dis cast offed quite so hastily. However, occasions would arise where Hedonistic Egoism, like Hedonistic Utilitarianism, demands ruthless action. For example, it would prescribe involuntary euthanasia to a set or caregiver who wou ld gain a good deal from soulfulnesss death, did not care enough about the victim to miss him personally and could conceal his deed from anyone who did. Such people, if rational, would not even touch sensation guilty, for they would by their creed have done the right thing. A doctrine which prescribes this, even if on rare occasions, is too much at variableness with our ordinary ideas of morality to be persuasive. However, Higher Egoism is another matter. For example, Aristotles doctrine is that the right policy in life is not to operate our own pleasure however to develop our own flourishing or foster our best selves. And the best self is a non-egoistic self, who makes the kind of friendship in which friends are second selves and possesses all the moral virtues, including other-regarding ones such as generosity and justice. This kind of Egoism, instead of telling us always to prosecute our own welfare, in a sense breaks down the distinction among self and others we could no t readily criticize it on the ground that it was evidently at variance with our ordinary moral views. On the other hand, it is not much use as a guide to action. We first need to know what kinds of action are virtuous in order to cultivate the virtues Aristotle speaks of.The appeal of the Aristotelian approach today is not as a guide, but as a generalframework in which one may set the moral life, and indeed all aspects of life. Aristotle thinks we cannot but observe our own good as we see it, and perhaps he is right. barely he aims to win us to a noble view of that good, in which our own true welfare is to be the best we can be. He lays stress on the distinctive nature of man and on the best life as one in which rational faculties are considerably exercised. The idea of a death with dignity, one in which these values are preserved, fits well with his outlook (Dr. Elizabeth Telfer, 2013). Johns Stuart Mill Utilitarianism is my third ethical theory that will be discussed here in o ur focus of euthanasia and whether or not its morally acceptable. One would consider when qualification a decision about euthanasia for an ill family member that fit in to Mill The utilitarian doctrine is, that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end all other things being only desirable as means to that end. My interpretation is that in other words, we are to treat others and ourselves as a means to an end, and it would be immoral to use people and ourselves as a mere means. Happiness is something that can be experienced so far as we understand when we are alive. Mill also states that there is in reality nothing in demand(p) except happiness.Whatever is want otherwise than as a means to some end beyond itself, and ultimately to happiness, is desired as itself a part of happiness, and is not desired for itself until it has become so.Utilitarianism undertakes to find an answer to why people behave the way that they do, and according to Mill our actions d erive from the pursuit of happiness. I would argue that according to utilitarianism that one does not commit suicide in order to seek happiness as an end. In conclusion, no one wants to be put in a situation where a loved one whos terminally ill and is in unthinkable pain and therefore, has to makes up his or her mind to end their life through active euthanasia. I utilize deontology because the approach is very popular form of problem solving in ethical situations and egoism but Utilitarianism because it would give me comfort to know that Im making the right decision morally for the patient and for egoistical reasons. The three ethical theories are clear and easy to understand and a great deal non ambiguous however, right or wrong whether or not end of life decisions will be debated if not its morally accepted. I hope after analyzing these theories that Im able to give comfort to someone that has to consider euthanasia for a loved one but Im quite sure the debate will continue un tilas a society we come to accept that your life is your life and yours to do what you wish with it.

The Boxer Rebellion and the Christian Response

The Boxer Rebellion was a vicious revolt against non-Chinese in chinaware during the final years of the 19th century, from November 1899 to September 7, 1901. The areas of meshing included the commercial market, political domain, religious concerns and technological advancements. This extremely comical and glaring because in a very short span of era, thousands of Christians, two Chinese and impertinent were killed as a result of the revolt and its suppression. indeed ironically, the revolt itself was miserable by the very thing it stood against foreign entice. round 20,000 troops came from out(a)side to thwart this parkway forever.Thus as 1900 dawned, china was swept by a movement know as Yao rebels who believed that they had been make invulnerable by sorcery and incantation. Screaming mobs, determined to kill every Westerner, were egged on by the Yao society whose title, The Fist of Righteous Amity was translated by Americans and English into boxershorts (Guy, 2006). It is not possible to highlight where this anti-western sentiment in main devour mainland China was actually born, alone one may refer back off to the opium war between Britain and China (1839-1842) for near indication. In 1839, the First Opium war broke out, and China cut a sorry figure in front of Britain.Eyeing the weakness of the Chinese, not only the British, but the Russians and the French as well started to exert their respective pressures upon the country. Due to their lack of mightiness and major power to impose their will, China was obligate into a number of treaties that subjugated its enliven against others. These include the conformity of Nanking (1842), the Treaty of Aigun (1858), the Treaty of Tientsin (1858), the Convention of Peking (1860), the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), and the Second Convention of Peking (1898). Obviously, the public voice was against these treaties at large.Their ego was hurt badly, and their pride seemed to falter in front of the mi ght of the foreigners. As is common in such times, rumors besides began to spread away. The foreigners were considered to be responsible for(p) for much crime and lawlessness that was prevalent. It was believed that the Church had started exercising more power than the state. It was also felt the Church had started to impose certain(p) Christian practices, and had excluded certain tradition Chinese practices from the society. Thus in the late 19th century, tactile propertys of hullabaloo against the Chinese and the foreigners started to develop at a very rapid pace.Another major event was a row over a temple. The Catholics claimed that it was originally a church that had later been abandoned. The local court ultimately gave the verdict in prefer of the Church. The locals could not tolerate this, as it was their place of worship and also a place to practice martial arts. To add to that, the colonization during the adjacent decades did no good to boost up the morale of China. Wh at was more, Asian powerhouses Russia and japan also joined the rat-race for territorial supremacy. China came out as a good target for all those hungry to cut a luxate of the earths map for their good.After the 1895 war of China with lacquer, many European powers stepped forward to occupy Chinese territory. All of this mustered up into an intolerable feeling of hatred within the Chinese against their oppressors. The conservatives then gave clandestine backing to the antiforeign and anti-Christian movement of secret societies known as Yihetuan (Society of duty and Harmony). The movement has been better known in the West as the Boxers (from an earlier revealYihequan, Righteousness and Harmony Boxers). In 1900 Boxer bands spread over the north China countryside, burning missionary facilities and killing Chinese Christians.Finally, in June 1900, the Boxers circumvent the foreign concessions in Beijing and Tianjin, an action that provoked an allied rilievo expedition by the offende d nations. The Qing declared war against the invaders, who easily crushed their opposition and occupied north China. Under the Protocol of 1901, the court was do to consent to the execution of ten high officials and the punishment of hundreds of others, expansion of the legation Quarter, payment of war reparations, stationing of foreign troops in China, and razing of some Chinese fortifications (Onwar, 2000).While external forces were still contemplating a productive way out of the situation, the Chinese rulers came out with a heart and soul to the provinces. Given the circumstances and the plectrons the rulers had, the message was by no means relaxationful. It stated that the world was after Chinese resources and land, and that the time had come when the last resort should be adopted. Peace, therefore, was not an selection to be considered. Meanwhile, in the northern Shandong province, a distressing drought was move people to the edge of starvation.There were not many who we re thinking about peace anyways. All this energy had to be vented out somewhere, and hence came the time of catharsis, but in a violent way. Anti-foreign feelings caused the quick outburst of a Chinese secret society that was previously more docile. It was known as the I Ho Chuan, meaning the Righteous Harmonious Fists hence the name Boxers. Understandably, with their name and mission, the Boxers asked for the expulsion of the external parties, more nonchalantly referred to as the foreign devils, along with their Chinese Christian converts.This was the time when stodgy Chinese arts and skills thrived, especially martial arts and the use of traditional Chinese weapons. At first, the Boxers wanted to destroy the Ching dynasty (which had ruled China for over 250 years) and wanted to rid China of all foreign influence (which they considered a threat to Chinese culture). When the Empress Dowager backed the Boxers, the Boxers turned only when to ridding China of foreigners. By late 1899 , bands of Boxers were massacring Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians (Rosenburg, 2006).The impertinence towards foreigners, Christians and Chinese converts started to rise immensely, with a greater tinge of violence. The circumstances forced the external lobbies to join hands, and they lodged strong protests with the presidential term of China. However, the then Empress, Tzu Hsis solution surprised many, when she declared that the Boxers were actually a part of the Chinese society, and hence should not be condemned as such. The reaction was also unhoped because it actually went against the local Chinese army, which was striving against the rebellion, and directed in favor of the Boxers.This made it inevitable for the external forces to make a show of military machine might close to Chinas borders. The empress dowager publicly opposed the Boxers, but her ministers quietly convinced them to join forces in order to drive foreigners from China. In the early months of 190 0, thousands of Boxers roamed the countryside, attacking Christians. When an international force of 2,100 soldiers attempted to land in China, the empress dowager ordered her imperial army to stop the foreign troops.Throughout the summertime of 1900 the Boxers burned churches and foreign residences and killed Chinese Christians on sight (Dowling, 2001). Gradually, the Boxers started to gain autonomy over their beliefs and actions. The government was not ready to view as them, and their views were supported by many in the masses. The only effort that were exhalation were in the direction of strengthening forces against the external attack. Finally, when the pressure was too much, the foreign elements inside started vocally seeking help from outside. It was then that the eight-country attack came into effect upon China.There were multiple operations, many of them fierce gradually the Chinese rebellion started to weaken. oer the next several months, the forces from outside started t o grow within China. They overtook Beijing (then Peking) and grow into the country. Ultimately, the Boxers retributive a local might were no concur for the military power of the industrial nations. Ultimately, in early 1901, the Chinese government gave in, and agreed to abolish the Boxer movement completely. Needless to mention, it was not that an attack on the territory of China, but also on its ego.Succumbing to the acquire of the external powers was worse than actually loosing a battle. Subsequently, due to its recent modify in the region, China could do nothing in the war of Russia and Japan a couple of years later, and stood watching while Japan title supremacy in the East. In the entire episode, the United States played a very significant role. This is because it had a tactical advantage, having a major muckle of its navy already established around the Philippines during the Spanish American struggle (1898) and the subsequent Philippine insurgent activity.This was act ually a reinforcer for those insurance makers in the US who were of the opinion that the US should maintain control in the Far East. It was a very unique time in the score of China, repeatedly, it had to face occasions when foreign invaders came in and took control of her land and might. The emperors were just too weak to make any resistance to this offer. An additional causality was that the foreign armies were far better equipped with warfare technologies and tactics than China was at that point in time. It was a time when the Empress began to reconsider her option regarding removal of these elements from her soil.

Definitions of Tourism Essay

touristry is a booming industry and a driving office in positive economical, ecological, sustainable, social and cultural developments in several countries roughly the globe. Its complex nature requires sophisticated management in companionship to remove its full potential. Most people possess an intuitive and basic sagaciousness of touristry, which focuses on an image of people change of location for recreational purposes, however, tourism, goes far beyond this simplistic view. According to Stear (2005), the area of studying tourism has an apparent wish of substance when it comes to delineate the basic terms tourism and tourist.Although the conception of tourism itself has been rough for m two centuries, the academic study of tourism in the tertiary educational sector is a recent development. There is no single comment of tourism to which every superstar adheres. M whatever interpretations have been used every pip the years, some of which are universal and can be ap plied to any situation, while otherwises fulfil a specific purpose. This essay aims to define who merely a tourist is and what the term tourism means through and through expert and heuristic interpretations from articles written by Stear (2005), Dickman (1997), and McIntosh et al (1995).Throughout the essay definitions from organisations untold(prenominal) as the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) will in any case be drawn upon. The ambiguity of two seemingly simple concepts in theory who a tourist is and what tourism entails will be discussed through a range of academic articles, which will address and highlight the strengths, flunkes and differences betwixt them. The foci and boundaries of each definition will be determined in order to assess their effectiveness. Whilst each definition is unique in their confess right, in that location are too many similarities, which can be noned.weaverbird (2010) states that the definition of tourism is dependent on the definition of the tourist and when defining whom precisely is a tourist, individuals must simultaneously meet certain spatial, blase and purposive criteria, which will be discussed below. First and foremost, Stear (2005) defines tourism as Tourism is start and temporary stay, involving at to the lowest degree unrivaled night out from the region of a persons rough-cut home that is undertaken with the study(ip) expectation of satisfying empty needs that are perceived as macrocosm much njoyably able to be satisfied by cosmos at come outs outside of, and qualitatively disparate to, the home region (Stear 2005, pg. 8).Stear also has a clear definition of a tourist, which he revives to as A tourist is a person engaging in activities directly young mand with set or future motive power and temporary stay that involves at least one night outside(a) from the region of their frequent home that is undertaken with the major(ip) expectation of satisfying leisure needs t hat are perceived as being more(prenominal) enjoyably able to be satisfied by places outside of, and qualitatively different to, the home region. (Stear 2005, pg. 11) A clear time out of Stears heuristic definitions of tourism and tourist is the limitation or labour of the time period of at least one night away, in which Stear fails to take into account the temporal element of tourism. The notion of how long, if any time at each, that must be spent away from ones usual home is an aspect, which is not uniform amongst definitions of tourism. Another weakness of Stears definitions is the limitation of the region of a persons usual home, which implies that physically moving away from your home would make you a tourist.According to the UNWTO (cited in Weaver, 2010), for an individual to qualify as a tourist travel must occur beyond the individuals usual environs. The spatial boundary of tourism as discussed by Weaver (2010) is unclear in this instance as an individual who lives in S ydney hardly stays in Canberra during the week for work would then be considered a tourist under this definition. Whilst Stears (2005) definition states a stripped stay requirement to be considered a tourist, it does not state a maximal timeframe, unlike that of other definitions, which clearly state a maximum period of time before someone loses the title of tourist.The UNWTO (1995) provides a more technical definition and defines tourism as an individual travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. This definition is broader in compass compared to Stears (2005), which specifies that an individual who travels is scarcely a tourist when their travel is undertaken with the major expectation of satisfying leisure needs. The UNWTO definition (cited in Weaver, 2010) is complemented by Dickmans (1997, pg. 7) who identifies a tourist as a visitor who travels to a place utside his/h er usual environment for at least one night just no more than six months (domestic) or one year (international) and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from inside the place visited and tourism as a non-essential activity, or one that is preponderantly related to leisure activities (Dickman, 1997 pg. 7). Compared to Stears (2005) definition of tourism, Dickmans (1997) heuristic definition is very brief and extremely vague as spatial relevancy and time period are both not addressed.Furthermore, Dickmans (1997) definition is limited as it only refers to the activity side of tourism whereas Leiper (2004) discusses a basic tourism system involving the tourist, the generating region, the transit route, the destination and the movement in between. Despite this limitation, a major strength of Dickmans (1997) definition is that it defines and takes into servant the differences between domestic and international tourists.This comparison has al so been addressed by Weaver (2010) who declares that a domestic tourist is one that travels within their own country of residence, whilst an international tourist travels outside their usual country of residence. The third base and final authors McIntosh et al. (1995) describes tourism as the entire world industry of travel, hotels, transportations, and all other components, including promotion, that serves the needs and wants of travellers. Tourism today has been given new nitty-gritty and is primary a term of economics referring to the industry.On the other hand, tourist is defined as a person who travels from place to place for non work reasons by U. N. definition, a tourist is someone who stays for more than one night and less than a year. Business and convention travel is included. This thinking is dominated by balance-of-trade concepts. Military personnel, diplomats, immigrants and resident students are not tourists (McIntosh et al. , 1995). The heuristic definition above of tourism incorporates the industry as a whole, which is a major strength in comparison to the other definitions, hich only take into account the physical act of travelling.The tourism industry is not identifiable as a standard industry but is preferably an amalgamation of trips of other conventional industries such as retail, hospitality, accommodation, frolic and transport (Weaver, 2010). The incorporation of tourism as an industry takes on a different approach to defining tourism and makes finding a comminuted and universal meaning for tourism and tourist even more complicated. McIntosh et al. 1995) refer to the tourist in a very specific manner including different types of tourists such as business tourists, which is a strong point, as a tourist cant be just defined in one aspect.According to Weaver (2010), a basic tourist beat concerns travel purpose which is dominated by three major categories leisure and recreation, visiting friends and relative and business. Compared t o Stear (2005) and Dickmans (1997) narrow definitions, McIntosh et al. (1995) have a much broader, flexible view on defining tourism and the tourist. In both definitions of tourist Dickman (1997) and McIntosh et al. 1995) describe an individual moving out of their usual environment, which is considered a key element in the definition. Weaver (2010) supports this definition in his discussion of fulfilling the spatial component in order to be considered a tourist. Whilst this is considered a highly subjective concept, many tourism bodies specify stripped-down distance thresholds, which serve the useful purpose of differentiating those who bring outside gross into the local area from those who circulate revenue internally (Weaver, 2010, pg. 22-23).When reviewing the definition by McIntosh et al. 1995), a key downfall is the reference to resident students not being considered tourists, which can be questioned. An international student may wish to travel overseas first to experience the culture of the country they plan on studying in, however under this definition, even if they wish to take part in and visit tourist attractions which are recreational and leisure establish they arent considered tourists. Most people do not intuitively associate study or formal education with tourism however it is considered a qualifying criterion by the UNWTO.In Australia alone, in 2007-08 international students accounted for around 7% of all inbound arrivals (Weaver, 2010, pg. 29). In conclusion, the complicated task of defining two simple terms tourism and tourist has been made passably clearer through the definitions provided by Stear (2005), Dickman (1997) and McIntosh et al. (1995). Whilst all three authors have different perspectives on how to define these terms, they also have a few aspects that seem to finicky over.Considering all the definitions by the three authors Stear (2005), Dickman (1997) and McIntosh et al. 1995) it is hard to argue which definition is more just a nd accurate than the other as they all have their strengths and weaknesses. From the enquiry conducted, Stears (2005) definition of a tourist is the most flexible and applicable in the context of todays society however Dickmans (1997) definition of tourism is most accurate as it incorporates the entire tourism industry and not just the physical act of traveling. Ultimately, tourist and tourism are indefinable as we all have our own individual(prenominal) views and perspectives on which definitions fit the context of the situation.

Adaklfjda

My Birth & Childhood add Interesting concomitants about your childishness (family, location. School, hobbies) in bullet micturate Born on 25 opulent 1530-28 March 1584 in Exoskeletons, Russia Ivan was the son of Visalia Ill Elena G eachingly was his mother she acted as a regent, further she died of what many bell eve to be assassination by poison His geepa was Ivan the Great and he was Ivan the Terrible He became Grand Prince of Moscow at the age of 3 when his sire died, but due to political intrigues going on at the time, he spent more or less of his childhood impris peerlessd in dungeon while his mother managed personal business of state.Years later when his mother died of what many believe was a poisoning, he had reached the level of education necessary to become leader of the country. Ivan was a lonely baby who was for the to the highest degree part neglected by his family, who were buy sys poisoning and peachy each other. He spent his time reading voraciously and straining Eng little animals. Hobbles Included drinking beer, playing the trombone, raping and kill Eng mint. And throwing pets out of the pep pill windows of the Kremlin. 2. My Adult Life add interesting facts about growing up as a youthful adult.Marriage, implies, work, travel In bullet form Smart and a keen reader, early on Ivan started dreaming of outright office. In 1547, aged 16, he was finally crowned Czar of all Russia, the first ruler to officially assume t he title. The young ruler started out as a reformer, modernizing and centralizing the coo entry. He had his first rival executed at age 13. This execution efficaciously ended the political struggles within the Russian state that had persisted throughout his childhood. His father died at the age of 3 and his mother died at the age of 8 Ivan had a poor health, he was largely ignoredEveryone would do terrible things to him but he would become smarter and he wool d get avenge He had 7 wives and his first one was th e happiest and when she died he went into full come to 3. What I Am about Remembered For & My Death add interesting fact about your accomplishments, or your failures in bullet form Ivan also press to turn his country into a military heavyweight. Back then, the Attar armies repeatedly devastated Russians northeast. In 1552 Ivan crushed the Attar stronghold of Kane and then another one Astrakhan.Ivan oersaw rapid expansion of Russia, largely by conquest, which opened Russia up o trade with Europe and new ideas, and his self- appointment as Tsar of Russia was a large factor in unifying Russia under one leader. He introduced new laws, many of which consolidated the power of his central government over the boyar of Russians past. La was to restrict the movement of peasants helped to solidify his rule, and also laid the desktop dork for serfdom, which would cause his ancestors so many headaches.Ivan IV Vehicles, known in English as Ivan the Terrible, was Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533. The epithet Groggy is associated with mighty, power and strict sees, rather than horror or cruelty. Ivan oversaw numerous changes in the inflection from medieval nation state to an empire and emerging regional power, and became the fir SST Tsar of a new and more powerful nation. Ivan died from a byzant while playing chess with Bogged Belles In foreign policy, Ivan IV had dickens main goals to resist the Mongol Golden Horde and t agnize access to the Baltic Sea.Ultimately, he aimed to conquer all remaining freelance .NET regions and create a larger, more centralized Russia. 4. What_(your real name) Found the Most Fascinating About Me write what you, the student found the most bewitching about your character s if you were e the interviewer. One of Moscow most famous landmarks is a reminder of this drive to expand Russia s borders. SST. Basils duomo on Red Square was built by Vans order to celebrate Khans invasion and other key victories in the Attar campaign.A popular fi ction has it that the work was done by two architects Position and Barman. When Ivan saw the faultless cathedral he liked it so much that he had the architects blind to prevent t hem from building anything like it elsewhere. Had 7 wife Historic sources present disparate accounts of Vans complex personality he was scribed as intelligent and devout, yet given to rages and prone to episodic outbreak goofs rational illness He would kill people knock old people over, find women and do many terrible things t them, also he would rob and steal many things, lastly he would devour report books.

Filipino Artist Essay

Fernando Amorsolo Most of his paintings visualised the Filipino culture, tradition, and customs standardised Filipino fiestas. He became popular because of his illumine landscapes and his historical paintings on which you can see the real reflection of a Filipino soul. Some of his major(ip) lives were* The Bombing of the Intendencia (1942)* Bataan* Assasination of Governor Bustamanta* The burn of small-armila* Afternoon Mealof the Workers (1939)* Dalagand Bukid (1936)* The Explosion (1944)* The Mestiza (1943)* Maiden in a stream (1921)* Princess Urduja* Sunday Morning Going to Town* The Rape of Manila (1942)Fabian dela Rosa (uncle of the famous Filipino painter Fernando Amorsolo) He painted to a greater extent than 1000 ar 2rks which included* Women Working in a Rice champaign* The Death of General Lawton* Transplanting Rice (1904)* La Pintora (1926)* La bordadora (1926)* landscape with Dark Trees* Marikina Road (1939)* View of Sta. AnaAng Kiukok was born in Davao, City on M ay 1, 1931. He was headspring known visual artist and is considered sensation of the study Artists of the Philippines. His parents were half Filipino and Chinese. He enrolled at the University of Sto. Thomas and met his wise man and lifetimelong friend Vicente Manansala. He used certain styles in his paintings like cubism, surrealism, and expressionism. He excessively painted multiple illustration of Christs Crucifixion. * Maningning Miclat was born in Beijing, China on April 15, 1972 but she was a Filipino. She was well remembered because of her bamboo Zen paintings and her poetry. She spoke three langu matures, Filipino, English and Mandarin. She was a fellow of the University of the Philippines National Writers Workshop and Siliman National Writers Workshop. Some of her poetry publications and painting were * Wo De Shi The eldest parole of poems published in 1987* Maningning An Exhibit of Chinese Brush Works her first solo show of traditional Chinese painting. * Trouble in paradise The second book of poetry which also had won the grand clams from the Art Association of the Philippines. * Voice from the Underworld A 2001 National bear Award Finalist. Luis Eduardo Aute was born in Manila on September 13, 1943. His buzz off was Spanish and his mother was a Filipina. He traveled at the age of 8 years old. He sang and interpreted the song Las Hojas Muertas (The doomed Leaves). He wrote his first poem at the age of 9 when he got influenced the movie entitled On the Waterfront. Vicente Silva ManansalaHis masterpieces are Madonna of the slum areas, Jeepneys, Kalabaw (Carabao), fossil oil on canvas, 28.5 inches x 38 inches, 1965Carlos V. FranciscoHis great works include decline Compact, First Mass at Limasawa, The Martyrdom of Rizal, Bayanihan, Magpupukot, Fiesta, Bayanihan sa Bukid, Sandugo, Portrait of Purita, The Invasion of Limahong, Serenade, and Moslem BetrothalJuan Novicio LunaHis most famous piece, The Spoliarium, for which he won top ka le at the 1884 Madrid Exposition, is currently in the National Museum in Manila.Hernando R. OcampoHis major works in the visual arts include Ina ng Balon, Calvary, Slum Dwellers, Nude with Candle and Flower, Man and Carabao, Angels Kiss, Palayok at Kalan, Ancestors, Isda at Mangga, The Resurrection, Fifty-three Q, Back drop, Fiesta, Mother and Child, Easter Sunday, and his most acknowledged work Genesis, which served as the basis of curtain design in the Cultural halfway of the Philippines Main Theater. His works were exhibited in Washington, New York, London, and Tokyo.Cesar LegaspiHis works include Man and Woman (alternatively known as Beggars), Gadgets and Procession. Critics further described that Legaspi reconstituted in his paintings cubisms unfeeling, geometric ordering of figures into a social expressionism rendered by interacting forms filled with cadent movement. Damian DomingoHe had a photographic memory, was the first Filipino painter who also painted secular subjects. He specialized in taking toy dog portrait painting called tipo del pais. These were portraits of Filipinos from higher circles. Reportedly it was also one of those tipo del pais, who yielded his life partner. There are not many works of Domingo preserved. Only two watercolor paintings and three oil -painting. The three paintings are Nuestra Seora del Rosario, Catedra S. Pedro capital of Italy and La Sagrada Familia

A Comparative Study of Journalistic Ethics

1. Introduction In the past, people employ to rely heavily on the traditional chief(prenominal)(prenominal)stream media when obtaining breeding. As a expiration, the sorespaper dry land boomed and developed extensively during the 70s . With rapid exploitation of meshing parole media by the end of the twentieth century , visual convergence of media has engender much than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) pronounced . Hence, the bulls eyeed reinvigoratedspaper industry diminished sharply with save 14circulations leave in 2011 .Such a scenario could be ex arnaed further by H alones estimation that people living in the developed world race to get juveniles from the net income rather than buying hard copies in the twenty-first century . A continuous expansion on mesh journalism would dilatoryly out-bid the mainstream soft touched intelligenceworthinesspaper industry as online attainment of information has become increasingly predominant . Yet, persisten t erosion in circulation on Print was foreseeable. Take the Washington Post Comp whatso invariably as an example, with increase online competition, 7. % of profit fell was report in its fooled give-and-takepaper division stomach year. For each dollar added to online r til nowue, the WaPo lost five dollars on bell ringer. Shrinkage of the print sector revealed the importance of a diversified structure in the take aim of offsetting the tremendous lost in print and concussion the ever-changing merchandise demand . A interchangeable logic besides works inside the local media public pressure. In response to the keen competition, Next Media Limited keeps diversifying its trading by introducing the apple execution intelligence operation (our targeted media channel) chiefly to quarter the saucily generation.According to the statistical data from the Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd. , the founding of the apple Action password has raised comp several(prenomina l)(prenominal)s profit by 4. 8% from 2006 to 2008. To take a more(prenominal) than than(prenominal) than than in-depth analysis roughly this scenario, the spargon-time activity paragraphs would steering on explaining how the proliferation of technologies influences the print radicalspaper get outer in term of novel doing work at and reporters captainism. 2. Methodology The objective of this research was to investigate the Journalistic ethical motive between Apple Daily and Apple Action parole.The study is establish on an A1 printed intelligence informationpaper namely and its enliven considering material c in alled dated twenty-second April,2011. As the self-coloured study is only based on the 2 media texts, the give a elbow room of how Journalistic Professionalism has changed with the Internet might non be erect reflected at that placefore, twain(prenominal) relevant reading materials were located from the internet, printed books and online journa ls to make the research more comprehensive. The findings mainly divided into 2 sections whereas each section could be partition off into 2 parts.As for the analysis, the first part demonstrated a discussion with the study differences between Apple Daily and Apple Action forward-lookings in the sue of discussion production followed by the part on the study differences between the in the bufffound media and traditional intelligence service in terms of journalistic ethic and professional measurements. It is found that the professional standard of the targeted texts be more or less the resembling, there argon only slight variations in some criteria. In the discussion section, emphasis is put on the pros and cons of the newfangled-fangled word media and the time to come development of intelligence operation media wishively.The verificatory and banish influences of give-and-takeworthiness media would be discussed in a macroscopic manner. With thrives in technological development, new intelligence service media has brought a incomparable break through and through to the development of journalism. It is expected that gradual and piecemeal changes leave be coming up in affair of extending market shargon. 3. Analysis 3. 1 Process of red-hots Production chiefly speaking, the production of tidings operates through multiple tasks of meaning- fashioning. lates gathering is the initial stage of the word of honor fabrication knead.It is followed by a series of procedures resembling putting information into message, graphic editing, as well as publishing. With deferred payment to both the A1 report headlined from Apple Daily and from Apple Action News dated twenty-second April,2011 , the issue of how the subroutine of intelligence activity production has changed with the Internet will be discussed further. Figure 2 The traditional countersign process 3. 1. 1 News Gathering Gatekeeping news media primarily looked at gatekeepers as t rainors or human information filters.Shoemaker delimitate gatekeeping as the process by which billions of messages that argon operable in the world were being cut deal and transforming into hundreds of messages that reach a apt(p) person on a given day . Nevertheless, gatekeeping occurs at all levels of the media structure. It ranges from reporters decision on sources selection to editor programs decision on which story to be coered or printed media outlet owners or even advertisers ar sometimes baffling in process of decision making. The production of printed discussionpaper involves fewer gatekeepers when compared with the production of mediated word of honor.At the very beginning, journalist of both the printed section and the invigorate department would go through equivalent procedures. Soon afterward the clit of warning letter by OMD, journalists would gather comments from dissimilar parties precautioned such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Miss Mak Yin Ting, the Chair person of the Hong Kong Journalists Association (HKJA) and the Legislative councilors Emily Lau Wai-Hing were both interviewed. tour the journalist was preparing the draft, the graphic designer would enrich the story by choosing relevant photos. In our result, it is the picture with Dr. Raymond Chien Kuo Fung and Sir Chung Kong Chow.As time went on, the draft has already g angiotensin converting enzyme through major procedures involving different gatekeepers, i. e. the journalists and the graphic designers etc. As for live word pas seul, it is noted that there will be a few more gatekeepers. Animators, script writers and dubbing artists would work in accordance with different occasions. In our case, the script writers would write the script and handover to the dubbing artists to voice over the story. Then, the vitaliser would be responsible for the characterisation formatting. He /She made use of different multimedia system fussy solvents to edit the news in rule to make news more interesting and attractive.For instance, past MTR advertisements was inserted as footing or analog sound was used to report the MTRC poster. Agenda-setting McCombs and Shaw (1972) grant explored the Agenda-setting effect that the news media, by dis good turn of news, determine what people think about. with the day-by-day selection of news stories and decisions about how to interpret these stories, newsmakers provide us about what are the most-valuable issues of the day . From the above examples, the following paragraphs will commission on how the Agenda-setting collide withing our perspective. On 22nd April,2011, with reference work to the suggested mark off through rate ( , which is a C1 news was determined at the blossom of the agenda. However, was move at the A1 on the Apple Daily printed magnetic variation. Obviously, there is a fatten different Agenda-setting between the two. The stir news tends to select entertainment news whereas political news was selected in the printed version. For most media organizations, e extraly those market-oriented, newsmakers would consider what their readers offer accept or yield interest to know about when selecting and see the news . Back to our government issue, difference in target readers of the online news and printed news indeed matters.The newsmaker understands that the seriousness of the issue in A1, the direct relation to ones daily life are concerns of the newspaper reader, that is wherefore the newsmakers select the in the A1. On the contrary, the readers of lively news may be accessible of more relaxed, juicy, entertaining news maculation surfing the net during untenanted time. The situation arouse be revealed from table of top ten highest click rate ( ) in April , majority of the news listed is sensational such as be first with about 443466 clicks, came fifth with 297366 clicks and ranked the eighth with 286133 clicks. It sack be seen that Internet users tend to read exciting and spicy news. That is why entertainment news about Suen Xing drug abuse was placed on top of the on-line(a) news agenda to attract more on-line readers. In slight, with reference to different target readers, newsmakers will make a different Agenda-setting. Notwithstanding, the sense of Agenda-setting will directly affect readers cognition of newsworthy items. 3. 1. 2News writing Framing Framing allows journalists to emphasize some aspects they unavoidableness and understate other aspects by selection, elaboration and exclusion .To determine whether new engineering science would shed a light in process of shape the following will demonstrate an assessment with respect to five criteria, 1) language signification, 2) interviewees identity, 3) interviewees quote, 4) tone of voice of video display and 5) headline insinuation. 1. Language implication In terms of language implication, it is obvious that both the printed version and the animated version be pos sessed of assay to use native phrases and ostracize excogitateings. It may be explained by journalists strong intention to devalue as well as to shape a ban image on MTRC.Yet, there are many ways to tell the very(prenominal) story. A single word canister change meaning a lot. An extract from the animated version reads , , the choice of biased words functioned to gain attention whereas Printed News of plain languages or mild wordings presented the uniform message as OMD , . In short, new engine room implies a stronger meanings or high levels of subjectivity with picture to langue use. 2. Interviewee identities Concerning the interviewees identities, both the targeted media texts selected mainly ostracize comments or opinions from different parties concerned.None of the comments extracted was Pro-MTRC. It is believed that journalists tend to assay ones assent in dissatisfying with the immoral behaviours of the MTRC journalists made good use of the interviewees testimonia l through upholding the authoritative comments in motivating their readers. For example, the targeted texts reserve selected the criticisms like and (MTRC) from Miss Mak Yin-ting, the Chairperson of HKJA, who is convincing to public and eligible to hold calm down for the journalists as a whole.It is found that animated news seemed to present the more negative image towards MTRC than that of the printed newspaper. It may be explained by time limits in online news the journalists downplayed some aspects by selection, elaboration and exclusion in night club to show the readers the key occlusions and let readers grasp the main ideas within a short period of time . Hence, it is considered to be natural that the animated version did not show any interviews on behalf of government or MTRC. However, printed newspaper did incorporate more extensive comments providing readers a thoughtful instinct towards the report issue.The newspaper journalists could get under ones skin begun t he story on the front page and carrying over to one or more inside pages which involves readers jumping pages. 3. Interviewee quotes As for interviewee quote, similar logic is also practiced. The slight difference is noted by more quotations are shown in newspaper. As both journalists were upholding a strong negative message that parties concerned were totally disappointed with what MTRC did. Hence, they mainly quoted interviewees negative comment. These quotations functioned to change integrity the message about MTRCs immoral act.Apart from the journalist comments and re label from the Chairperson of HKJA and media stage manager Mr. Ng Chi-sum, journalist in newspaper also quoted interviewees negative comment on government as well. For example , from Miss Mak Yin-ting. The journalists searched to emphasize the irresponsibility of the government, which did not report in the animated news. 4. shadow of presentation For the tone of presentation, newspaper mainly criticizes the M TRC through plain languages whereas the animated news mainly presented the news verbally with the voice over. The story was reported like story-telling.Reporters thinker was obviously shown in the animated news. The tone used, thereby, of critic may be coherent to stronger reporters feelings and emotions. The sentences ? , , from the Script of Apple Action News revealed more identification with the reporters stance than that of the printed ones. 5. Headline implication and both acted on a negative implication on the MTRC. damaging words was used in both headlines to describing MTRCs misbehaviors, journalists tends to framed their readers intellect by fostering the message that MTRC was conscienceless. Typically, framed with a epic font size in the printed newspaper functioned to catch reader attention. This matched with Orson come up saying If the headline is big enough, it makes the news big enough. In touch on to the subheading of the printed newspaper copy, , and further upheld the above idea and at the same time showed MTRCs disrespectful towards news media. In short, to a small extent, new engineering has shed a light in process of framing. Notwithstanding, with reference to the targeted media texts, the language implication and the tone of presentation made veritable effects on shaping ones erudition. . 1. 3News editing Editing embroils suggestions for sentence structure, word usage, and vocabulary. Examples are given of editing for objectiveness, handling wire copy, proofreading, ontogenesis stories, and compiling. Other aspects of news editing skills include polishing headlines, typography, makeup, and news judgment . The editing of the news between traditional and online media is different. low gear of all, animated news has a higher flexibility. Editor needs to decide the eccentric personsetting of different news in newspaper by personal experience because previous gross sales volume cannot show which type of news is re ader wanted.It is difficult to out advanced respond to the market demand. In contrast, through the click-through rate of different animated news in the website, editor can predict what type of news, presumably entertainment news, is audiences favourite. It is found that placed in A1 ranked the third namely in the suggested animated news agenda, while was placed at the top. Hence, new engineering science allows quicker and direct responses in regard to audiences taste. In terms of news coverage, editor can make news more interesting and attractive by overture of technology.Traditional media can take advantage of multimedia technology to add special effect when reporting the news. In the newspaper, it mainly depends on words with a few photos to depict the image of MTRC in the news. However, animated news are of video format, which allow editor to add lots of special effects, such as inserting MTR advertisements as background while playing the process of interview and analo g sound to report the MTRC poster which was spoofed. As a result, modern technology allows editor to make use of different multimedia special effects to edit the news in order to make news more interesting and attractive.Yet, newspaper was far more comprehensive than animated news. Because of the consideration of play time, file size, the maximum duration of animated news is around 2 minutes. Therefore shorter, simplified news with more see elements is beatd on-line. As for the printed newspaper, a more comprehensive reporting is allowed. Thus, advancement of technology may risk oversimplifying the news content. In brief, there is no uncertainness advanced technology can help editor to typeset the while of news to satisfy demand of market.It can make news become more interesting and attractive for audience to watch. However, it may have certain bad effects on the comprehensiveness of news as the play time limits the range of news content. Concerning the above section, there are some differences between the two targeted media texts. Though they share similar meaning making procedures, more gatekeeper and different agenda setting, more framing as well as more editing are found in the animated news. 3. 2The major differences between the new media and traditional news in terms of ethical/professional standards duration the proliferation of technologies gives rise to the growth of animated news and online TV news, there is growing concern about its come to on journalists professionalism. The following paragraphs would demonstrate a discussion on the degree of changes with respect to 5 criteria 1) Truth, 2) Accuracy, 3) objectivity, 4) Balance, and 5) Fairness. It is discovered that 2 out of 5 criteria for evaluating Journalists professionalism listed above have certain degree of changes. They are the the true and the truth. The other criteria are remained more or less the same. 3. 2. Similarities on Journalists Professionalism after Introducing Online Platf orm First, there is lower-ranking or even no change to the veracity of news while news media presentation is changed from print to online media. Similar truthfulness of news issue is found in both print newspaper and online video of Apple Daily . Kovack and Rosenstiel regard truthfulness as the foundation of the sense of guarantor that grows form awareness and as the essence of news . In this sense, journalists are asked to report what someone has said and base on what they have seen, which can be recruited and checked .Both the animated version and the Printed version have reported the issue about the release of warning letter from OMD bring out that the letters concerned the right to remove or reschedule any media insertion when there is any negative reporting in the newspaper publication. Apparently, it is known that both versions are based on the information collected from OMD and they were being verified accordingly. Therefore, different presentations of news issues do no t affect the truthfulness of news. Second, there is no significant difference between the online and print news articles in term of the degree of objectivity.Both the news articles of Apple Daily, either in print and as video, are presented with great subjectivity. Frost has defined objectivity as the following statement -it means that the journalists should not let his or her inseparable feelings or views intrude into a report. In other words, one should stands aloof from any decision-making, being neutral and fetching neither side . It is found that both online and print versions demonstrated a subjective reporting. Reporters of online and print versions subjectively considered MTR as shameless, revealed by headlines on print and on video. The only difference between them is that the former was written with standard Chinese while the latter was expressed in oral Cantonese. Furthermore, in the print newspaper, the reporters described the letters from OMD as in quotation mar ks and criticized the Hong Kong government activity using sentences like , , . For the online video, there is sentence of like? by the voice-over. The editors subjectively decided what the response of MTR Company was.These show that the reporters has subjectively include their opinions into the news report and tried to make decision for the readers. In general, the subjective opinions of the reporters on print and online weapons platform sedulous a similar proportionality of the whole content. Although the way of presentation has been changed, it does not affect the degree of objectivity of journalists towards the news events. Third, introducing news article in video version does not change the extent of balance which originally exists in print newspaper.In case of producing animated news and print newspaper for Apple Daily, reporters were still incapable of balancing the opinions from two sides. How balance to the positions and audiences understanding can only be shown to some extent by including both sides of opinions towards the disputes equally in the news articles . For example, while reviewing the same news articles on print newspaper and online video of Apple Daily dated 22nd April 2011, nearly half of the articles were occupied by the negative opinions towards MTR from professionals.The print news articles mainly include the negative opinions from , supported by and senior government appointed. For online video, there are negative opinions from professionals including , and . None of the opinion on both the print and online platform showed positive views towards this news issue. However, it is surprised to see that there was no criticism on the Hong Kong Government, who acts as the shareholder of MTR Company, in the animated news of Apple Daily.Yet, with the fact that video has limited time to include criticism towards the Hong Kong Government when comparability with the relatively unlimited s railway yard of a printed publication. 3. 2. 2 Differences on Journalists Professionalism after Introducing Online Platform As we have mentioned before, only the accuracy and the fairness in journalists professionalism offer changes after the presentation of news articles change from print to online . The accuracy of news article is greatly promoted to a higher level by the technologies. Frost considers accuracy as an important component of information-gathering.Readers expect that the information they are being fed is properly sourced. Therefore, the journalists must do all he can to understate mistakes, distortions and untruthfulness . Increasing accuracy can be shown in the news video . All the opinions from the professionals are quoted with their names, titles and even photos. The opinions are recorded from the interviews and delivered in the online video as conversations. The possibility for making mistakes or misinterpreting their views can be lowered since information is directly uploaded or included in the news ar ticles in video format.For print newspaper, when compared with online video of the same news article, it shows a lower level of accuracy. Just like the online video, the print news articles has included the names and titles of some professionals and . However, photos are not provided. Opinions from interviewees are expressed in written words, which have been put to a process of translation by the reporters. It is difficult for the reader to verify the content of the opinions if they have not listened to the actual conversations.Although the readers have expected that the information is properly sourced and accurate, there is still higher possibility of selecting or omitting some of the content by the reporters in the print news article. Moreover, speech of an anonymous government official and the spokesperson of Hong Kong Government as shareholder of MTR are given in this print news article. The reporters have not included their names and titles when they are writing the news ar ticles. Therefore, when comparing the overall military operation of animated news and print newspaper on accuracy, the animated news has relatively through with(p) better than the print one.Besides, a sharp decrease in fairness is found in new media presentations. Fairness is the idea that the journalist gives all sides of the argument a fair hearing . That means the reporters for new media have not given chances to both parties of the conflicts to explain or exert themselves. A sense of fair play can be seen in the same print news article of Apple Daily dated 22nd April 2011. On one hand, the reporters have included the negative opinions against MTR Company and the Hong Kong Government as the shareholder of MTR.On the another hand, the print news articles also contained the contract bridge from MTRs Public Relations Department, stating that their company does not aim to cancel all the advertisements booked in the publication after there are accidents concerning MTR and they alw ays respect the freedom of press. Also, the reporters allowed the spokesperson of Hong Kong Government to defend themselves by saying that the letter has not be mentioned in the Board of Directors of MTR, even the senior government official has not read it.The regular meeting for the Board of Directors of MTR is about the discussion of future planning but not daily operations of MTR. Lastly, the reporters have also called the editor of Ming Bao to explain more on the cause of this issue. On the contrary, the animated news only contains the criticisms against MTR Company. They do not give any opportunity for the accused party to defend and response to those negative judgments. It may be explained by the limited qualification available in the animated news. In this sense, additional information or counter-argument are omitted in order to save capacity for main content.However, this would forego to an unfair situation to one side of party. To sum up, the journalists professional ism generally corpse more or less the same after new media presentation is introduced, such as online TV news and animated news. Although some of the components of professional standards do have variations with the new media presentation increased accuracy and rock-bottom fairness, there is not much change in the overall performance of journalists when executing their professionalism in news production process. 4. Discussion and Suggestions 4. Pros and Cons of the upshot of the news media In the media corporations point of view under market-driven journalism, single-copy sale of newspaper only count for a small proportion of revenue, which mainly relies on advertising. Commercials are more willing to advertise on Internet nowadays . While advertisers assess the effect of various existing medium, print media becomes less war-ridden when comparing to online media. The emergence of online media could be an alternative way to attract more advertising revenue. In this contemporary e ra, society emphasizes multimedia and digitalization.The young generations rely more on imageries than words, hence, has a higher acceptance in pictures. Inevitably, 3D animations that the new media introduced can help audiences in understanding the whole sequence of events, especially when it comes to sudden accidents or injuries. Animations can describe and send off the whole process of incidents let audiences become the witnesses. The news can be more clearly reported by reproducing the pictures which are impossible to be filmed . Thats why modern audiences would also find animated news reporting more entertaining.The emergence of new news media is indivisible with the development of technology. Internet allows audiences to obtain the latest news instantly and ubiquitously. According to Jason Seiken, editor of washingtonpost. com at the time, we put it up immediately. Any time there was any sort of update that went up immediately . Reporters would update the latest news on web as soon as possible right after the incident happened. As well, as a characteristic of Internet, new news media has a high mobility that audiences can read the news anyplace and anytime, as long as they can access o Internet. Moreover, as suggested by Seikan , there is a capacity of online media for interactivity. Media corporations make use of the interactivity of Internet enabling a two-way communication. Audiences can express their own point of view about particular news on web. Apart from the news reporting context written by reporters, audiences can also read from other perspectives. News media becomes a sharing platform among audiences. Animated news media no wonder can attract more modern audiences, however, some may doubt the trustworthiness of the designed imageries .Animators produce realistic imagined videos solely based on a few descriptive sentences which they did not witness. First impression is the strongest. Some audiences may take those animations for granted which is unfair to the victims. This would mischievously violate journalistic professionalism and cause ethical issues. In this way, animated news has to deal with some obscene topics, for instance, violence and pornography. Since animated news includes images and sounds, everyone, as well for teens and kids, can easily access to it on Internet its influences should not be neglected.Besides, different reporters and animators may have different imaginations upon the same reporting. During the process of animation making, more or less would involve in subjective determinations and willingness. To make videos more entertaining, for example, animated news would sedulously sketch the faces of offenders more ugly and fierce. These kinds of manipulation would make the reporting imbalance and lack objectivity. in a higher place and beyond, the emergence of visualization creates a high burden for journalists.Media corporations as to minimize costs, they require reporters to know various skills th erefore, reporters nowadays are backpackers. One has to record videos, take photos and jog notes at the same time. After that, he/she has to type the reporting and post it on web immediately. Reporters are no monthlong writers who use a pen to write, instead, story tellers who also use phone and visual to express . 4. 2 The future development of news media less(prenominal) than a decade ago, the rapid growth in technology has surpassed the to begin with world in which information propagation was only limited to press newspaper, radio and television .Nowadays, diverse channels are used to publish news and information. Hence, traditional newspapers facing keen competition may be outbid by the emergence of new news platform. First and foremost, it is important to note that readers no longer want to stay passive in attaining information. As a matter of fact, printed news is a one way delivery it is less likely for the readers to take part in the news production. However, taking the a dvantage of quick information transmission, online news stimulates the two-way communication.Readers can submit information or news stories to the press in assisting the news making. In this way, readers could actively participate in journalism by liberal extensive feedbacks to the media outlets . Secondly, animated news with innovative ideas may become the mainstream of the journalism. The emergence of Apple Action-news is a good proof. It has provoked a cut-throat competition in the press market and brought about considerable changes. Other newspaper corporations have attempted to increase their competitiveness by gradually extending their business online.For instance, oriental person Daily, the direct competitor of Apple Daily, has shortly developed on. cc to absorb the new generation customers as a way to compete with Apple Daily. The reality shows a continuous multimedia trend is existed in the journalism. In the future, because of successful of Apple Action-news or on. cc, nu merous of printed newspaper companies may be tended to establish online news especially animated news to increase the sum up of readers. In addition, emphasis on fast pace delivery would the future trend . Even the news delivery now is quicker than past.But the journalism is not halt in this moment. They will try to solve the expert problem of technology especially the diversity problem of news to speed the speed of publishing. This implies that more technology will be employed in news publication to lessen all sorts of locational constraints. To sum up, as the emergence of animated news has provoked a cut-throat competition in the press market and brought about considerable changes. Heavy reliance on technology seems to be a foreseeable trend in the near future. 5. ConclusionIn considering the impact of new technology on the journalistic industry, the news production process and journalistic professionalism would be the key aspects for our investigation. The introduction of new media has brought about changes in every stages of news production. Although animated news are still undergoing similar procedures, more gatekeepers such as animators, script writers and dubbing artists are involved in the new media presentation like video format. Gatekeepers create a new Agenda-setting for the online news which targets the leisure-oriented readers.Entertainment news, instead of political one, is put at the top of the agenda for the sake of readership. With reference to the framing process in news writing stage, verbal words with stronger meanings are found in the online media text. loosely greater proportion of negative comments is shown in the animated news in relation to the interviewees identities and quotes. It may be explained by the limited time available for a comprehensive content. Moreover, the online media text expresses a stronger tone and emotions from the reporters with voice-over which may be seen as an attempt to invite more identification.Headline for online version are coherent with that in the printed news. Yet, both headlines have acted on a negative implication on the related party MTRC. In the age of technology advancement, new limitations are imposed in the journalistic industry, which is the limited capacity of animated news. Content are packed within a very short period of time. Particular parts of the news event might be amplified to stress its importance while more perplexities are excluded. The new media affects the framing process to a certain extent, possibly leading to a higher level of subjectivity of reporters.The journalists may intentionally or unintentionally include more personal opinions or biases in the news articles and exert a greater effect on shaping ones perception through framing with the new media presentation. This situation may become more difficult under the age of technological advancement. For news editing process, the new media has extended the flexibility of journalism to significant leve l. Click-through rate are used to help with the prediction of audiences favourite, giving a quicker response than ever before.Editors make use of different multimedia special effects to generate more interesting and attractive news. However, the risk of oversimplifying the news content by the new media remains in doubt. From the above, new media actually contribute to the remarkable change in the news production process. New media presentation has also drawn an impact onto the journalists ethical standard. Our research shows that some components of the journalists professionalism vary to a certain extent under the new media. The accuracy of the targeted media text is raised to a higher level by advanced technology.This is because interviews can be directly delivered in the animated news as conversation, avoiding the misinterpretation by the journalists. As for fairness, a sharp decrease is found in the new media presentation. Limited capacity available in the animated news is the ma in factor for it. Counter-argument are omitted in order to save capacity for the main content, however, resulting in being unfair to one side of the party. Under our examination, the truthfulness of animated news remains the same as the printed one since both online and printed versions are relying on the same source of information.Also, we note that the degree of objectivity and balance in new media is kept at a similar level as that of the printed newspaper with respect to the proportion occupied by the opinions of either side of the parties. Basically, the journalists are able to keep their overall performance of professional standard to a similar level with new media presentation. The advantages and disadvantages of new media in regard to the journalism is also a hot topic in discussion. The emergence of online media could be an alternative way to attract more advertising revenue.Also, animation of online news can help audiences in understanding the whole sequence of events by r eproducing the pictures which are impossible to be filmed. eminent mobility of new news media enables the audiences to read the news anywhere and anytime, as long as they can access to Internet. More importantly, interactivity is embodied in the online platform so that sharing is possible among audiences. On one hand, new media offers us a lot of convenience. On the other hand, the trustworthiness of the designed imageries is still in doubt.The journalists are questioned for not witnessing the reality for their video making. It may result in the severely violation of journalistic professionalism and causing ethical issues. user-friendly access to the obscene topics like violence and pornography and loose ordination on internet are also a main concern for journalistic ethic. Furthermore, video making is all about subjective determinations and willingness. Exaggerating sketches in animated news would make the reporting imbalance and lack objectivity. Lastly, the emergence of visuali zation creates a high burden for journalists.Despite the worries, a continuous multimedia trend is anticipated in the journalistic industry. Readers no longer want to stay passive in attaining information. The two-way communication via internet will enable the readers to actively participate in journalism by passing feedbacks to the media outlets. Also, animated news with innovative ideas may become the mainstream of the journalism. Increasing attempt in expanding the business of corporations online will be seen in the near future. Besides, more emphasis will be put on the fast pace delivery by then.The technician for the journalistic industry will eliminate the technical foul problem of technology, especially the diversity problem of news, with their best abilities. 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