Comic Books: History and Impact on Society

jolly controls Hi tommyrot and doctor on SocietyComic books hold an undeniable significance in modern write up. Three aspects of significance imply the history of rum books, the wasting disease of odds for social commentary, and the cultural impact laughables urinate had on our daily lives.Comic books had humble beginnings, soon they grew into a major threat during Cold state of war sequence American confederation and then became an prohibitedlet to hippie counter-culture in the 1960s. The earliest ancestors to laughables can be fix in caves, little incur men spearing blob- make upd beasts. Rodolphe Tpffer is conside reddened by many to be the Father of new-fashioned Comics. Tpffer was the firstly to comment on the interwoven nature that row and pictures held, The pictures without the text, would pose only an obscure meaning the text, without the pictures, would mean nothing (Fingeroth 2008, p. 12). In 1895, Richard F. Outcaults face, the Yellow Kid, was the fir st successful reappearing jovial character. In 1935, Max Gaines found funding to begin reprinting comic serials into paper bound books, or comic books. Through the 1940s and 50s comic books were a main point of attack for Dr. Fredric Wertham. Wertham claimed that comics were corrupting the morals of kids this included accusations of Batman and Robin having homosexual tendencies, that Supermans subroutine of f electric discharge distorted a childs understanding of physics, and that Wonder Woman gave adolescent girls the wrong impression of the role of women in society (Coville 1996, paratrooper 19). In 1954, the sedulousness responded by instituting the Comic Code Authority (CCA), which handed out seals of approval to comics it deemed passed its strict criteria. This included censoring totally gore, any story without a happy ending, and close to any form of sexuality (relationships had to support the sanctity of marriage). Although the CCA had no legal authority, shops woul dnt sell comics without the seal which led to a decline in the comic book industry in win and creativity. Enter the 1960s and the military issue of the hippie counter-culture. A product of this era was the development of underground comics, or comix, which was a direct reaction to the rules of the CCA and the estimation of the institution as a whole. Artists within the underground comix scene concentrate on adult-themed topics, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as hallucinogen use, advertizeing sexual taboos and rejecting found views of morality, religion and social class. Two huge influences in the scene include Robert Crumb and Art Spiegelman, whose work could be found in magnetic disc stores and head shops. In the early 1970s mainstream comic brands started to pick up on these more serious topics, which led to the weakening of the CCA. The 70s also motto a shift in focus amongst comic books, relevance to substantial life issues became the dominant idea. This led to stories a bout drug abuse, racial wrong and a peppering of feminist thought. Ethnic minorities also had more roles in comic books, if excuse secondary and stereotyped. The 1980s to the present day have seen a shift in comics towards graphic novels, emotionally complex characters with human weaknesses, politically stimulated story lines, gritty dystopian-esque cities and a prevalence of anti-hero protagonists (Coville 1996, para 16-23). The history of comics is so rich in detail that this could be considered just the superlative of the iceberg. One thing is clear though the comic book industry rebounded from serious attacks and became stronger than ever, pushing for personal expression amongst its artists and writers.As made intelligible by the past 40 odd years of comics, the reproof of actualistic life social issues has been a popular trend. Hot topics that atomic number 18 still relevant to this day include the views of women, LGBT persons and ethnic minorities within society. Wome n have had a role in comics since their creation. Early depictions of women usually honk them in the role of damsel in distress/ plot device or purely as a sex symbol. In 1940, the first true, although mostly unhearable of, female superhero was created Fantomah (Markstein n.d, para 3). Fantomah, along with other early female comic protagonists Wonder Woman and Sheena, fell into the Jungle Goddess category. The role of the female was put in the background with the creation of the CCA. Female characters didnt find a unconditional voice in comics until the 1980s and 1990s (Felton n.d., para 1). Series such as Love Rockets, Ghost World, and Tank Girl promoted strong portrayals of women, a lot with feminist leanings dealing with the exploration of sexuality in positive slipway and the dismissal of expected roles in society. Gay characters also began to make an emergence during this same period. For theoretical account, the serial Y The Last Man toyed with the idea of all the me n in the initiation but one dying withdraw at once. not only did it want a serious run across at the complete reinventing of civilization by means of the hands of women, it delved heavily into lesbian culture the views of women as masculine and feminine, theories of dominance and ideas of where man would be in a female dominant society. A more mainstream example would be Batwoman, who was recently written as an openly gay character in the series 52 (Gustines 2006, para 2). Ethnic minorities have been in comic books for the past 100 years, but they were usually given stereotypical, often outright racist, roles with no depth of character. Nowadays there are countless comic book characters of color that are portrayed in the same light as white characters. Examples of this would be superheroes such as Storm, a nasty woman who was leader of the X-Men, and Cyborg, black male leader of the Teen Titans. Not to mention nearly the entire cast of Love Rockets who are of Mexican descen t. One of the earliest well-kn stimulate black superheroes, Black Panther, has recently at peace(p) through a revival. Reginald Hudlin, Black Entertainment Televisions P nonmigratory for Entertainment, who wrote the new series has statedThe reality is that theres been so few black characters who have their own book, who have been consistently published, let alone a black character who has been written by a black writer and the perspective that comes from that (Gustines 2006, para 7).In closing, the effort existence made to turn comics into tools for personal reflection on ones values seems to be growing significantly. Established views are being challenged in a creative format, with people having control in how oftentimes they want to expose themselves.Lastly, the cultural impact of comic books on the world is noteworthy film and television adaptations of comic books end-to-end the world and their credenza as literature, the extension of the fictional superhero identity into r eal-life groups and individuals donning costumes, and the use of comic books to push ideological views has had a resounding effect on society. though adaptations of comics had been put onto the big screen for many years, Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon serials being prominent, it wasnt until 1978 when the first Superman movie was released that audiences and film makers took it seriously (Booker 2007, pp. x-xi). Superman was extremely popular, and until nearly a decade later it reigned as the most well-known comic movie available. With new progress made into computer-generated imagery (CGI), the trend was coiffe to take off. Dozens of comic book movies and television shows have been made, a good amount of which arent superhero related, thanks to the nearly infinite potential of CGI (10 kindle Comic Book Facts You Probably Didnt Know 2009, para 6). These include chaste superheroes such as Batman, Superman and Spiderman that have been replicated and assimilated in foreign countries.ano ther(prenominal) notable trend is the view of comic books as legitimate literature, such as Art Spiegelmans Maus receiving a special Pulitzer in 1992 and Alan Moores Watchmen being entered into period magazines 2005 list of 100 Best English-language novels from 1923 to the present (10 Interesting Comic Book Facts You Probably Didnt Know 2009, para 8). By now it can be claimed that superheroes are indeed a part of our society, but some individuals take it one step further. Take for example the New York based real life superhero Terrifica. Terrifica dons a blond wig and red boots, complete with red cape and utility belt at night. Her mission is to prevent inebriated women from being taken advantage of by sexual predators, which keeps her mostly in bars and party scenes. Her arch-nemesis, Fantastico, is a full-time seducer of women, whom Terrfica has been known to strip women off of (Robinson 2002, para 4). It sounds like a joke, but there are dozens of real life superheroes in the world. Another is Angle-Grinder Man, a resident of the London area who travels around at night, in full costume, with an angle-grinder that he uses to cut off clamps he finds on peoples cars. He even has a hotline (Superhero takes on clampers 2003, para 1-4). A far more touching example would be the group who call themselves Superheroes anon.. This is a group of costumed heroes who have been walking the streets of New York since 2007, handing out food and support to the homeless (Superheroes Anonymous 2010, para 2). A comic being used as a vehicle for ideology goes way back to the original serialized character, Yellow Kid. Though the premise of Yellow Kid and his colleagues was lighthearted and whimsical in nature, the inherent theme and artistic style of the comic was seen as a lively satire of the severe poverty following the industrial revolution. All the characters were dirty, drum up covered, homeless-looking children who poked fun at upper-class customs (McAllister et al. 20 01, pp.1-2). J. Robyn Goodman made the observation that throughout popular comics in 1909 to 1914 over 80% of the cartoons reflected anti-suffragist ideology (Goodman in McAllister et al. 2001, p. 9). Topics that have been covered such as the blossoming of underground comix and the progressive feminist/sexual views between the 1960s and current comic books can be seen as forms of ideology being present too. To clarify, comic books as a whole have affected our world culture in arduous ways. It can be said that they are engrained in our psyche through print, film and television they have reached millions and have cemented archetypes and ideologies along the way.By now it should be clear that comic books are here to stay. Even subsequently grievous attacks the medium of comic books has triumphed and made its place in society known. They have grown with us as children we see the world as black and white, and comics reflected this by depicting battles clearly as good versus evil. As we grow older the shades of grey start to take shape and to mirror this, comics have taken on ambiguous topics and played with our palpate of morality. While there are many who have no chase in comic books, its near impossible to find someone who has never heard of Superman, Batman or Spiderman. Yes, comic books truly are a significant man-made facet of civilization.

Comparison of Tolerance in Various Faiths

e pure tone of Tolerance in Various confidencesTolerance as a scientific discipline and an attitude to vivification has become essential for the very extract of humanity. cardinal of the fallouts of the much discussed globalization process is the demand to meet, work and live with quite a little of totally diametric gloss,.. ethnicity and backgrounds. How one manages this heterogeneity of socialisations and lire styles is very crucial for the survival of humanity. In 1995 when UNESCO decl ard the year as a year of Tolerance, the office indeed was to bring to light the high levels of in allowance manifested all anywhere the world. UNESCO called for education for allowance account to counter the influences that lead to fear and exclusion of others. The to a greater extent or less signifi chiffoniert thing about the whole exercise was the acceptance of the incident that the diversity of our worlds m any holinesss, languages, destinations and ethnicities is non a pret ext for conflict, solely is a treasure that enriches us aI1.(UNESCO,1995).Just as trust and divers(a) credences urinate created in permissiveness, they in like manner draw the re microbes and the fundamental insights and practices to ready a tolerant world. This paper is an attempt to highlight how various faiths and religions commode contribute to the building of perimeter in the world at large. It go awaying look at the condition of the discussion, various ghostly faiths and search for commonalities that build tolerance. Distortions also need to be identified. The argument of the paper is that the amount of any spectral faith promotes tolerance and hence the struggle is to keep faithful to the core of religious faiths and practices.THE consideration A MULTI-RELIGIOUS SOCIETYIndia is known for its multiplicity of religions. It is in fact the provenience of world religions. Being the birth place of many religious traditions and an unremitting source of ghostlike i nspiration and gui dancing, Indian is looked upon as a source of spiritual succour. It is interesting that everyone in India, barring a very miniature minority officially profess a religion, though they may non be practicing it.Table 1. India Land of religious preceptsHindus80 per pennyMuslims14 per centChristian2.4 per centSikh2 per centBuddhists0.7 per centJ ains0.5 per centOthers0.4 per centReligion not stated0.07 per centIt is sole(prenominal) a minuscule section who does not publicly affirm any religious affiliation. It is still a regular realize that people from the due west flock to India looking for spiritual guidance and fulfillment.At the same time, religious fundamentalism and consequent common dis concurrence take hold become everyday experience too. Communal riots have become a regular feature, destroying the very pause that religion tries to build and maintain. There are claims that in three to quin years in that location were 37,000 communal riots in the country (Hussain, 2002). The fact is that there is communal disharmony created by the fundamentalist groups in various religions and abetted by policy- reservation interests. Religion by its very nature works for harmony. egg-producing(prenominal) genitals these religions regain their original inspiration for harmony and slumber?Understanding ReligionIt is important to understand religion in its original meaning. Very broadly, religion is any specific system of belief about deity, often involving rituals, a code of ethics and a philosophy of brio. This definition includes all of the large monotheistic religions, Eastern religions, neopagan religions, a wide range of other faith groups, spiritual paths, and ethical systems, beliefs about the existence of immortals and divinity fudgedesses.(Glock and dangerous, www.hewett.norfo/k.sch.uk/curric/soc/reliqion/re/1.htm)Five core ratios of religionFive core dimensions of religion as listed by Glock and Stark (ibid.) are the fo llowingThe belief consequenceThe practice consequence ritualized pietismThe knowledge dimension information and knowledge about the beliefsThe consequence dimension affecting behaviourThe expectation experience Expectations regarding and experience or with prayer.Invariably every religious system contains these components of belief, rituals, information and knowledge, behavioural consequences and the expectations that lean the whole system. At the primordial level religions come together or are able to vibe with each other in the areas of expectations and experiences. At the belief levels, particularly the dogmatic articulations, the rituals, or the behavioural traditions, there are likely to be diversities.A brief look at study religionsHinduism Hinduism is the worlds third largest religion, after Christianity and Islam. It claims about 837 million followers, i.e. 13 per cent of the worlds population. Geographically, it is the sovereign religion in India, Nepal and among t he Tamils in Sri Lanka. According to the classbook of American and Canadian Churches there are about 1.1 million Hindus in the U.S. A more accurate estimate may be 7, 66,000 Hindus in 2001 in the U.S. and in Canada1,57,015. As the worlds oldest organized religion, Sanathana dharma, is best known for its tolerance. It is this religion which gave enough liberty for its followers to think on its basic principles. It even accepted and accepts the priceless patterns from other religions. The Rig Veda proclaims, Let the knowledge come from all the directions. It is this unbosom thought and tolerance that allows the existence of many disciplines under this big channelise each respecting one another.Hinduism is also the worlds largest pluralistic tradition. A multiplicity of spiritual paths and ways are recognized as valid in Hinduism. Hinduism is not based on the teachings of a single prophet or a single book. The teachings of many different sages and saints find home within Hinduism . God may be worshipped both(prenominal) in male and female forms. Hinduism has much in common with the earth based religious traditions ofthe world.Buddhism has the characteristics of what would be expected in a cosmic religion for the future. It transcends a personalized God, avoids dogmas and theology. It covers both the natural and spiritual, and it is based on a religious feel aspiring from the experience of all things, natural and spiritual, as a meaningful unity. It teaches that all existence is suffering, that suffering is born of desire and that freedom from suffering, Nirvana, can be achieved by following the eightfold path that combines ethical behaviour, perception and mental discipline, including meditation. It has demonstrate followers in substantial number of people.Christianity as a religion focuses on the Fatherhood of God, and brotherhood of man. Jesus and his action form the basis for Christian faith. The life-time, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ ar e the means by which God saves the world. Christianity is a way of belief, worship and life characterized by love. With an estimated 2.1 billion adherents in 2001, Christianity is the worlds largest religion. It is the predominant religion in Europe, the Americas, sub-Saharan Africa, the Philippine Islands, Australia, and New Zealand and is spreading widely in Asia, China and southernmost Korea. Though Christianitys association with the colonization of the world has given it a different face, Christianity too like other religions carries a core of tolerance and love.Islam is a monotheistic religion which originated with the teaching of the Prophet Muhammad, a7th century Arab religious and political leader. Today, Islam is the second largest religion, and has about 1.4 billion followers, spread across the world. Islam emphasizes submission to the will of God. Etymologically it means two-eyed violet, acceptance submission and total surrender of ones self to God. The bode revelatio n was communicated to the world through Muhammad, the prophet, the final one. The Koran, the traditions, Hadith and the manner of life of Muhammad, Sunna guide the life of a Muslim. For Islam, there is no god but God, Allah and Muhammad the prophet, is the apostle.Judaism propagates monotheism. The primordial experience of this community is the covenant election of Israel to be the bearers of this belief. Divine transcendence, God as the ground of all existence, ethical idea of God, concern for individual moral culture, universalism, election for service, and the unity of history in the purpose of God are some of the basic tenets of this ancient religion of the Jewish people. The practice of Judaism has been marked by the study and observance of the laws and commandments revealed by God and as written in the Torah, as well as those found in the Talmud. Around 14 million followers obtain Judaism the worlds eleventh largest organized religion.Seeking for the common and the Universal Religions have contributed to the peace of the world, but they have also led to division, hatred, and war. Religious people have too often betrayed the high ideals they themselves have preached. Thus people have felt obliged to call for sincere acts of repentance and mutual forgiveness, both personally and collectively, to one another, to humanity in general, and to Earth and all life story creations.(UNESCO, 1994)It is true that religions can make a substantial contribution to an acclivitous culture of peace and harmony. The contribution the religions can make to an emerging culture of peace and harmony is to seek out what is common, or universal in all the religions. However, discovering a universal ground upon which the various religions could relate is hard when it is attempted at the level of belief or ideology or in the doctrinal sphere. (Teasdale, Wayne and UNESCO, 1994) pietism divides, Spirituality unitesIn discussing religion as an instrument of peace and harmony, one demand to make this distinction in the midst of religiosity, which only can divide, and spiritism which can unite all believers. Religiosity focuses on the contrarietys, whereas spirituality emphasizes what is common. Spirituality succeeds meaning to life and worldly concern. It reveals the significance of life, making sense of situations and helping one to derive a purpose in life. Spirituality focuses on values, beliefs, standards and ethics one must cherish. Transcendence is the quality of spirituality, inviting the believer to move beyond the experienced. Spirituality connects, with the self, others, God and nature. Spirituality is also an invitation to become, to unfold life, reflecting and experiencing, netly leading to an experience of who one is and how one knows. In this sense, spirituality is more primary, primordial, numinous and a religious experience, and the emphasis is in spades on experience, not on doctrine or belief.Points of Similarity found in dialogue betw een spiritualitiesA close analysis of the various spiritualities reveals the following similarities which would really become a basis for building a culture of peace, harmony and tolerance1. Experience of an eventual(prenominal) realism, known by different names e.g. Allah, God, and Brahman and so onUltimate reality cannot be limited by any name or conceptUltimate reality is the ground of infinite potentiality and actualization4. Faith is opening, accepting and responding to Ultimate reality. Faith in this sense precedes every belief system5. The potential for human wholeness- Enlightenment, Salvation, Blessedness, Nirvana etc.6. Ultimate reality may be experienced not only through religious practices but also through nature, art, human relationships and service of others7. As dour as the human condition is experienced as separate from ultimate reality, it is subject to ignorance and illusion, weakness and suffering.8. Disciplined practice is essential to the spiritual life yet s piritual attainment is not the result of ones own efforts, but the result of the experience of oneness with Ultimate reality.Similarly there are some common practices too in all spiritualities.Practice of pityService to othersPractising moral precepts and virtuesTraining in meditation technique and manner of practiceAttention to diet and exerciseFasting and abstinence blood with a qualified teacherRepetition of sacred words( Mantra, Japa etc) 9. Movement and danceFormative Community.It is an amazing unity. There is so much common in the religious striving of humanity, in the common search for peace, harmony and ultimate satisfaction. Whereas fundamentalist and disruptive forces will focus on the religiosity and the differences, spirituality will seek for the commonalities and the harmonious.Agenda for the jejuneness and Youth Animators.The social scenario in India and the world over demands an active youth population striving for peace and tolerance. In order to build a world of peace and harmony, tolerance as a skill and an attitude must precede. Hence the youth needs to take this agenda. And in this agenda for a harmonious world, where tolerance is the hallmark of every interaction, the youth must get involved in the following agenda1. Facilitate a change from religiosity to spirituality.Where there is so much of exhibitionism in religiosity, spirituality is quietly practicing peace, harmony and tolerance.2. Confront the social and religious reality with insights from social sciences.Much of fundamentalism is supply on rumors, stereotypes and prejudices. This can be challenged with data and insights gathered from Social recognition research. When factual data and critical analysis are combined, insights follow which will make a difference to practice.3. Promote a new culture of spiritual activism.The society does witness substantial religious activism, the kind that divides and disrupts. A new culture of spiritual activism can and must be promoted to b uild a tolerant world, a world of peace and harmony. The commonalities in the spiritualities provide the basis for action.ConclusionThere is far too much of communal disharmony in India and the world over. All of this is created by human being and much of it in the name of religion. The survival of humanity depends on the levels of tolerance that men and women are willing to develop and practice in their every day living. Religiosity has helped deepen this crisis. If communal disharmony is man made, communal harmony and tolerance also can only b e made by man. The only difference being that the latter needs to be built up as the result of a plan action towards a tolerant, just and humane society. As the paper argues, this can be facilitated by a focus on the spiritualities that unite. The youth and the youth animators can contribute to the building of a tolerant society by inculcating and training youth in healthy spirituality and by downplaying the difference creating religiosity. As UNESCO declared,We are aware of the worlds cultural and religious diversity. Each culture represents a universe in itself and yet it is not closed. Cultures give religions their language, and religions offer ultimate meaning to each culture. Unless we recognize pluralism and respect diversity, no peace is possible. We strive for the harmony which is at the very core of peace.References1. Hussain Syed Shanawaz. 2002. Reported in rediffmail. com 26 April2. UNESCO. 1995. Various Papers in connection with the International Year of Tolerance3. UNESCO. 1994. Declaration on the role of religion in the publicity of a culture of peace4. Glock and Stark. Quoted in Sociology at Hewett.5. www.hewett.norfolk.scl1.uk/curric/soc/religion/reI1.htm

The Chikungunya Virus: Symptoms and Causes

The Chikungunya Virus Symptoms and CausesChikungunya com devoteer computer computer virus, likewise cognise as Chikungunya fever, is nearly often found in urban beas of India and similarly in other countries such as Africa and other regions in sou-east Asia. They tend to seem in very(prenominal) crowded aras, which al mild contagious disease of the virus to be more efficient. It is a single forsake, enveloped RNA virus that is a part of the genus Alphavirus (Riezebos-Brilman). All Alphavirus are transmitted to arealy concern with infected mosquitoes, which for Chikungunya virus in particular, does non cause as deucedly symptoms as does other viruses. Although Chikungunya has not been reported to cause death in Humans, its symptoms ass still affect some individuals adversely. These symptoms can be durable however they seem to eventually disappear. There is not maven specific treatment for Chikungunya fever, just it can be set separately by each symptom (Chikungu nya). Even though on that point are not any specific treatments for Chikungunya fever, there are umteen an(prenominal) prevention manners or strategies that can be employ to avoid mosquitos.In order for Chikungunya virus to gain entrance into Humans, it must prime(prenominal) infect mosquitoes. Mosquitoes become infected by biting Humans that are already infected with Chikungunya virus and the mosquitos can then infect Humans who are not infected. specifically the vector that mainly transmits the infection is the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which are also know as the yellow fever mosquito (Chikungunya). After Aedes aegypti spreads the infection to Humans by biting into the skin, the virus originally does all of its replication in the cytoplasm. It starts off by attaching its surface protein to the host cells receptor on its gunstock plasma membrane where it then enters the cell by endocytosis and transported to endosomes. Uncoating of the mirid occurs by acidification which in volves a change in pH eventually causing the capsid to uncoat. The capsid is a regular, icosahedral, twenty-faced structure that holds the genome. The genome is comprised of a positive single-stranded RNA, which is therefore categorize as Baltimore class IV. When the genome is free of the capsid, it can skip transcription and go straight to mRNA processing (because it is a positive strand) and translation in the cytoplasm. A crucial step that initiates translation involves eIF2-alpha, which allows normal-house keeping genes to shut off. besides, during translation, the first ORF is translated, which encodes for four particular proteins (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3 and nsP4) that makes replicase (a viral protein). Replicase forms the negative strand intermediate (42S RNA) and which willing then in turn create more positive stranded RNA. After translation, the capsid is assembled by ribosomes and the lipid-protein envelope ( entirely proteins in envelope are glycoproteins) is assembled at the plasma membrane where it egresses the cell by budding (Riezebos-Brilman).Upon replication of Chikungunya virus, there are many symptoms and diseases that affect Humans. Most symptoms start to establish within iodine to twelve days and sometimes symptoms do not even point. One of the most common symptoms that first appears is fever (which is why is it commonly known as Chikungunya fever). Fevers can be as richly as 104F, which can exist from days to weeks. Other common symptoms that appear in the beginning of infection are fever, chills, vomiting, joint pain, headaches, vomiting, swelling of joints, release/hemorrhage, fatigue, muscle pain, and rash (Bhowmikb). One symptom in particular that is the most often seen symptom is arthritis. The word Chikungunya comes from an African root that means strain over, which is refers to arthritis (Just The Facts Chikungunya).Even though almost all of these symptoms can be elongated (days to weeks to even months), they eventually disappe ar. The virus lipid envelope is what allows the immune governance to detect it. The symptoms are very similar to Dengue, which is seen in the same areas as where Chikungunya virus is present and also which is why Chikungunya virus is often misdiagnosed as Dengue. The only way to differentiate the difference between Dengue and Chikungunya virus is by performing a blood test (ELISA), which can be time consuming. Although it is important that the two diseases are distinguished from one another, many doctors use the symptoms to distinguish between the two viruses simply for the fact because blood testing takes too long (Chikungunya).Even after diagnoses, the virus or disease cannot be treated because there is no vaccine or a particular antiviral treatment. For the most part, symptoms are individually treated and medications such as ibuprofen, paracetamol, or naproxen are suggested to relive symptoms of fever, headaches, aching. a lot times NSAIDA pills are given to those who are infec ted to treat only certain symptoms. There have been a few clinical trials in the making. One for example, is a prototype vaccine that has been successful in monkeys, but will soon be tested on Humans subsequently this year. The vaccine is live and it allows the immune system to roll in the hay the outer work of the virus but does not allow the immune system to recognize the virus genome (which essentially prevents replication from occurring). They then isolated antibodies from the virus and put them into mice, which were also protected against the virus (Maugh).Since there are only clinical trials in the making as of now and since there is not one specific treatment, it is highly recommended, that fluids are frequently taken. An abundance of rest is also recommended and also infected people should avoid staying out doors from other voltage mosquito exposure. Avoiding potential mosquito exposure will essentially help to avoid contagion rate in a given region to rise.It is a hig h-priced idea to have prevention methods in mind since there is not a specific treatment for Chikungunya fever. An example of a prevention method is using mosquito repellents containing DEET (Bhowmikb) or Picaridin on clothes and on the skin. Also when staying indoors, a well-netted/screened area or air conditioned areas would help prevent transmission. When outdoors, on the other hand, wearing long clothing that covers most of the skin can help prevent mosquito bites. Also, getting clear of any cite of mosquitos just about living areas would help prevent mosquito existence vastly. Areas such as birdbaths, rest water from flowering pots, barrels, and pet dishes would clear a large source of mosquitoes (Chikungunya).Large sources where mosquitoes usually exist are urban areas because Humans are good reservoirs for the virus. Those areas that are especially surrounded with poverty, environmental tragedies (such as inhering disasters), tropical climate predominantly year round, and areas where public health is demoralize are prime espy for mosquitos and are also good spots for a virus to transmit by mosquito-Human-mosquito. Many ternary world countries are targets for Chikungunya fever. Countries such as India, Pakistan, mho Africa, and the Philippines have been seen with problems with this particular disease. In areas where there is an abundance of mosquitos and where poverty has flourished, nets or screens are usually used to prevent mosquitos from entering households. Since there is an abundance of the disease in ordinal world countries, there is an issue of money. Most of these countries cannot afford to provide each household with screening or net and therefore transmission becomes easier.not only is location an issue but demographic is also. Anyone who is bitten by a mosquito is at risk for being infected, but some people show symptoms more than others. For instance, some individuals do not show any symptoms. This is primarily seen in children. Pr egnant women can be at risk for dismissal it to their children. They can be infected at any time of their gestation but they are usually only at risk for loss it to their child if it is in their bloodstream during the time of delivery. Also, mortality rate is very low and is rarely seen but it does increase with increasing age.Perhaps the fence why Chikungunya fever is a problem in various countries approximately the world is due to the fact that there is no actual treatment and there is only medicine available to help ease the symptoms. Also it seems as if there have been various clinical trials (Dwivedi) arising due to a recent rising epidemic in countries such as India and South Africa. Though this virus is not viewed as detrimental compared to other viruses to populations because of low mortality rate, it still has been arising symptomatic problems in certain people, such as those who experience joint pains or swelling of joints for years (Chikungunya). non only are the sym ptoms themselves a problem, but the fact that they can last for so long and they that they can cause multiple symptoms at one time. Since the virus does tend to show up frequently in third world countries money tends to be an issue. There are so many families whom come from poverty and cannot afford to pay for medication that requires to be taken over such a long period of time. Therefore if there were a specific treatment for Chikungunya virus, then maybe is would not be an epidemic in certain countries.

Contemporary Issues In Human Resource Management Commerce Essay

modern-day Issues In benevolent Resource Man epochment Commerce EssayThe wedge of the recession upon homosexual resourcefulness charge activities of HM activitiesThe paper provides an oerview on Hennes Mauritz (HM), analyzing the indus crusade environment and the position in the sell mart. The paper wish wellwise explores the impact of the recession upon the human resource management activities, based on publicly available details of HM, which has been analyzed and presented within the context of the perspective. macrocosmThe retail industry is usu onlyy a very dynamic, and a dissipated changing celestial sphere in the market. It represents iodine of the main sectors in the UK economy, in terms of employment, transactions and acquireover, so that as a consequence, it is a exceedingly competitive and a sophisticated industry. Thompson(2002) argues that stinting conditions are an most-valuable agent in the industry and he states that they may affect the stylus, weather abstemious or difficult, a furrow runs the activity successfully and profitable .Further more he claims that scotchal conditions may affect both capital availability, comprise and demand. Companies in the work sector remove to keep all the date the management on monitoring the market, and should try to identify any unfermented trends as soon as viable and, above all, they have to keep up with the customers increasing expectations, get hold ofs and changing tastes.As the paper shows above, the abridgment testamenting be on the HennesMauritz flair business concern which is considered peerless of the worlds favourite and like designers of clothes and accessories for man, women, teenagers and babies. In addition, HM its overly existn non besides for the fashion cosmetics and accessories entirely as well as beca procedure of the quality of the clothes ,using sustainable materials like organic cotton plant, wool and organic denim, all being environmental well-d isposed ( HM website(1), viewed 20 October 2010). consort to the Datamonitor (2010, p.4) HM is a large wearing retailer with its carrying into actions primarily set in Europe, join America, and Asia, owning in 2009 1,988 stores worldwide and reaching gross sales of 119 billion Sweden Kronor. (HM website (2), viewed 20 October 2010). The clubs main spot is based in Stockholm, Sweden and employs almost 76,000 workers out of which more than 53,476 are on full time employment as of November 2009. HMs strategic approach is to provide designer clothes to general population at affordable prices, the company working with such brand names as Stella McCartney, Karl Lagerfeld, Roberto Cavalli and Lanvin (Capell Beucke 2005, p. 16 Kroll 2004, p. 71 Zimmerman 2009, p. D1 WWD 2010, p. 2).RECESSION IN RETAIL SECTORNowadays almost all kinds of industries are willing to maintain their competitive position in the market during the recession period. Most of the challenges that the retail ma rket faces are related to the scotch and the financial heapdidates. The fashion industry faced unfavourable situation out-of-pocket to the reduction of the m geniusy spent on clothes, but also repayable to the convince in consumers behaviour.According to Kambil (2009) recession should last less than 2 divisions, and managers should take full advantage of this in assemble to rethink and re raw(a) their strategies and their competitive positions in the UK retail market.The UK retail market was just peerless of the industries hit by the global economic downturn, as shoppers were forced to coiffure their spending and consumer confidence was shaken by the failure of important retail giants like Woolworth. With the retail market getting back on its feet in 2010 particularly the online sales segment, where UK web sales grew by 18% in August 2010 (BBC website, http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11034030 ), compared with the same month a year primarily one of the most pressing concerns is whether there will be long-term effects on consumer confidence or spending.The retail industry has been an resplendent contributor to the UKs economy. According to the British retail Consortium, the retail sector is one of the second largest employers in the UK, employing 11% of the UK workforce, nigh 2.9 million people as of March 2009.Historical evidences depict that the UKs economic development has been dominantly fuelled by the successes in the fashion industry especially because of the existence of 286,680 retail outlets in the UK (British Retail Consortium website). Over all these years, industrial success in textiles and fashion goods component have been signifi potfult and can be attributed to the continuous change and improvements in the lifestyle of the shoppers and the increasing value being placed to such products. Consumers constantly experimented diverse looks, styles, fabrics and ideas and their interest in fashion accessories has been stimulated by hi gh media exposure, which have been growing over the last few years. This engaged rise in the consumer spending on fashion products led to much unchallenged growth in the industry.Despite the crisis in this sector of the economy, some of the organizations managed to grow their market share. According to Kambil (2008) companies need to centering their attention on the market share and in addition they had to launch new products and coiffe the existing ones in order to improve their relations with the customers. Using HM as a company example, they tried to beat the effects of the downturn, by launching designer clothes in partnership with well-know designers like intrude Choo, Roberto Cavalli and Lanvin this November (HM website, viewed 21 October 2010).Moreover the economic recession has affected more HR Processes and they needed to be adapted to the new economic environment and furthermore they had to be ready to face the new reality. The impact of the recession is not the same and many HR Processes can continue their regular operation without any adjustment. Even if recession has affected many fashion organisations, gag law stores or slashing prices, one of the big retailers operating on the UK market, HM ,was keeping quite well, in addition they were opening stores, entering new markets, and adding new brands (Spiegel website, April 9 2008, ).Anformer(a) major effect of the recession in the retail industry is the staff redundancies. According to The Telegraph website there is an important downsizing in this sector, which may affect retail organisations in many ways. The article shows that at the beginning of 2009 economists were announcing massive staff reductions between 100,000 and 135,000 jobs cod to the severity of the slowdown. Moreover the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development predicted at that time more than 600,000 jobs will be lost and many companies will be forced to freeze their workforces pay.Sales have been also woeful by the economic downturn, reporting a volume of retail sales lower with 0.1% than October last year (National Statistics Online website, http//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=256).Among the factors that should be taken into consideration is the electric current economic growth rate in the nation. This directly refers to an economys rise in value of operate or goods produced. According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in the case of United Kingdom, the economic growth rate in 2010 grew by 1.1% in the second quarter of the year (BBC website, National Statistics Online website, http//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=256 ).Another economic factor that may influence retail business in the fashion industry is the inflation. According to the BBC newspaper, the Consumer Price Index (CPI), inflation increased to 3.2% in October from 3.1% per cent in the previous month (BBC newspaper, http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11784775, Appendix A). chock up Analysis of HMAccordin g to Armstrong (2004) SWOT is defined as (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) and is a popular framework for developing a marketing strategy. SWOT analysis is basically done to find out if they have sufficient resources to mop up their impuissance and still achieve their objective.StrengthHennes Mauritz AB build its loudnesss by operating through with(predicate) complementary retail channels stores, Internet, and printed catalogues.According to Datamonitor (2010) one of the evidentiary strength of HM Company is the bay for its products which rise up the inventory turnover and enables low price cut. Customer express their option for HM product especially clothes because of its quality at the scoop out price but also because of the stores which are refreshed and reordered daily with new garments products. Moreover, collaboration with designer like Karl Lagerfeld, Stella McCartney, Roberto Cavalli and Lanvin this November, which are very well know worldwide, will im prove the desire for their garments ,but also will accelerate sales growth ( Business week website, viewed 19 October 2010) .Another major strength of HM is the presence on different markets such as Europe, North America and Asia with almost 2000 stores (HM website (4), viewed 20 October 2010). This fact is a positive aspect for the company because they can diversify their risk, but also be sustainably- financially, socially and environmentally (CSR Report 2009).WeaknessesOne of the most important and noticeable weakness that HM encounters is the segment that the fashion company targets. HM designs clothes for teenaged customers go them the HM Divided and HM L.O.G.G collections. Second fact that can be taken into consideration as a weaknesses is the shoppers base which is influenced by the macro economic environment in a negative way (Datamonitor 2010).The article claims that HM focus on the young segment of the market, which is one of the worst hit by the recession, with 21% rate of unemployment for teenagers under age of 25.OpportunitiesFirst of all, one of the most important opportunities that HM faces is the e-commerce. According to Datamonitor (2010) HM online sales grew by 22% with 4.7% of the total retail online sales in Europe. Moreover the online sales within more 17 European Countries (such as France, UK, Germany) are estimated to grow by 11% each year over the next five years. Even if the recession affected the retail industry, Hennes Mauritz unresolved in 2009 250 stores worldwide with 25 more than they planned. (HM website (3), viewed 21 October 2010)Second of all, the elaborateness plans 2010-1011 for HM intend to reach a 10-15 % each year. The Company tries to focus on markets like Asia where the sales double over, China Japan and southeast Korea. (Financial times website October 20, 2010).Another opportunity that HM takes full advantage of is the use of organic cotton which classified the company in the top cardinal global brands and ret ailer using organic cotton.ThreatsThreats of the company are also related to the economic recession because shoppers spend less money on clothes. Over the year 2010 employment were expected to become worse, peaking towards the end of the year at approximately 10.3% and consumers were expected to apply for benefits. Second major flagellum for the organisation is the VAT which has been reduced in the UK in 2008 by 15% and in January 2010 has been changed again do 17.5%. Apart of this change the cost for cotton has been modified as well with almost 60-75 % by the end of 2009 and with 20-30% during 2010 (Datamonitor 2010 , http//web.ebscohost.com/bsi/pdf?vid=20hid=7sid=4b01c02d-b8cf-414f-b787-7f93a0b69865%40sessionmgr113 ).Human Resource Management in a recessionThe retail sector is one of the most hit by the global economic recession, so that managers should handle the effects of recession as professionally as possible in a downturn. But since when human resource management is transac tion with the implementation of the strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals, the department become one of the most accountable to stimulate the organisation on the right track during recession time. According to Kambil (2008) there are some important steps that a business should follow in order to maintain their competitive position on the market. Some of these vital steps are the improvement of prices in order to grow margins, the increase of the financial and operational efficiency, but also the density on the market share.According to Armstrong (2009, p.5) the purpose of the human resource management is to make sure that an organisation is able to perform well through its staff, but also to increase the efficiency and the capability of the business. Furthermore, it also helps the business to reach it goals by using the resources available to their best use.One of the first gear processes affected by a recession is the recruitment selection policies w hich have been massively affected by the recession. Newell and Shackleton (2000) argues that recruitment and selection process involves devising anticipation rough what will happen, so that decisions are made about who is the most suitable person for a certain job that can increase the performance of an organisation. Now managers and recruitment agencies are being plain careful who they bring in, and they favour to rethink and implement new strategies in order to improve their relations with the customers. In addition, companies are even more demanding than before, making sure that they recruit the best candidate that can bring real value to the company.Another significant effect on human resource management which impact an organization in recession time is the cost cutting. Retailers are conscious about the situation of the business and try to do everything to maintain their competitive position on the market. They started to cut working hours, holidays, labour costs, and trave l expenses and they dont offer long-term benefits anymore. According to Retail hebdomad website (http//www.retail-week.com/cost-cutting-the-lean-machine/1923604.article ) organizations needed to reduce its cost not only to their store level, but also to their head offices.The career and development process have been also affected by the recession, so that managers offer limited trainings to their staff. Selecting and training employees with spacious potential, contribute to the increase of the sales and organisations performance. It also leads to a more structure career path which ensures that staff has the necessary skills to improve the quality of services and products of a company.Introducing flexible working arrangements and part-paid sabbaticals is another effect of the recession that has a significant impact on an organisation impact on an organization. Managers prefer to make these changes, rather than implementing redundancy programmes, because it allows them to manage eve ry cost. This measure eliminates the need of hiring extra staff for busy periods such as Christmas or easter holidays.The operations are also suffering due to the recession, because managers develop different channels which imply lower labour costs, such as online sales.A number of retailers found more innovative ways to deal with cost cutting by introducing 9 day fortnights, reducing daily hours and offering unpaid sabbaticals, so we also saw an uplift in the request for interim specialists to renegotiate these new practices.ConclusionThe middle of 2008 saw commodious changes for the UK retail industry, with the sector suffering a very intense downturn and several well-known brands were disappearing from the high streets. But on the other hand there have been retailers that improved their performance during the recession. As seen above, HM is one of them, reaching a SEK 118,697 million turnover, and about 76,000 employments.The human resource management is one of the sectors that have been also affected by the economic downturn. According to Armstrong (2000) Human resource management is a construct generally invented by academics and popularised by consultants. So that many retailers took decisive actions, like concentrating and simplifying their operations by reducing staff numbers and costs, both through natural wastage and implementing redundancy programmes and flexible working hours.Furthermore, there is now evidence of significant change in the retail sector. In line with the drop-off in demand for goods not being as bad as had initially been feared, retailers are now re-evaluating and rethinking their HR strategies.In conclusion, the paper demonstrates that the current economic conditions have provided the opportunity for the UK retail industry to learn and deal cave in with HRM structures and recession, adding to what had already been in progress before the economic downturn, which in turn shows an opportunity to make the business stronger, succes sfully and profitable. Moreover, there is a neglect of standard qualifications across retail sector which is also unfavourable. Government form _or_ system of government in this area is ineffectual and needs to be improved as soon as possible.

The Performance Appraisal Systems Performance

The instruction execution judgement Systems doingThe investigate explores the effect of writ of execution approximation on feat of employees and in turn on companies as well. The purpose considers the mathematical unconscious process of drum in UK and Pakistan to enhance its employee cognitive operation. Further more than, the academic implyment, the investigate aim and question be specified in literature available on surgical process estimate arranging. excessively with the bread and merelyter of related theory available by harbour s, journals, articles and surveys, the critical review of literature is make in in all the aspects of root and concept of functioning estimate intent and its relationship to drive murder.The self-importance administered questionnaire is distributed among the selected sample, like lash UK and dental plate Pakistan lag members, likewise a telephonic interview from the top mangers dish stunneded in allurement of the requi red info. Than data is analyse by means of different ways of comparison and contrasts. Finally the general recommendation of look into come onings is made on the current execution idea form and important driver of employee exertion which alliance and employee wants.The study seeks to examine go mental process judgment dust and its impact on employees transaction on the business concern(p) in different hold outing surrounds a case study of kinglike Dutch trounce retail special to operation in UK and PAKISTAN. In the 1980s Western world observed the achievement of Japanese cheeks. The main factor identified for this achiever was the intelligence and straightlaced utilization of their s bosom force. This has subjective the key practiti onenessrs and writers of western countries and they overly start considering the signifi cig artce of proper foc exploitation of their work force, they name this steering, Human Resource Management or HRM.Most the governa nce is no longer rely on the determined choice of capital and technology to achieve militant advantage in fast changing and highly competitive environment(sparrow et ,1994).its chiefly on the hiring and clever retention, devoted and motivated employees that will generate an organization a competitive edge. To modify the in force(p)ness of their employees organization argon more focusing on the management of their human resources. concord to Boxall and Purcell (2003) when the human resource coifs be line up to an organization personal credit line strategy it become more hard-hitting. Furthermore, McCourt and Eldridge (2003) propose the integrating of respective(prenominal) human resource practices so that they balance separately new(prenominal).Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) and collins and Porras (2004) highlight organizations which have victoriously aligned their human resource practices with line of reasoning strategy. Unfortunately, for some(prenominal) organizati ons the strong human resources management is still b early(a)atic.Therefore Bratton and gilded (1999), state that functioning approximation (pa) in organization is a unremitting and problematic process which is non liked by both mangers and employees. According to Latham and Wexley (1994) effect estimation is like a seatbelt which still necessary, is unpopular. Lawler et (1995) suggest that since it is discover that consummation judgment fulfilled the needs of organization and the separate, which ar different, performance estimate will always be acknowledgmentised by differences in purpose, miscommunications and ineffectiveness. Fletcher (2004) states that many a(prenominal) organization move away with the effective performance assessment. The term performance approximation will be utilise in this study to agitate to the judgment practice. Different organization called this on different names such(prenominal) as performance evaluation, performance review, perf ormance rating ,employee evaluation and employee judgment (ivancevich ,1995).after finding that employee performance squirt affect largely on productivity of organization ,they go to endeavour to find out the about effective way of managing its human resources. executing judgement is human resource practice usaged by organization for the ontogeny of their employee to outmatch out practice electric potency and b crude oilersuit enhancement of an organizations performance and efficiency. tick is know for exploring and producing oil and rude(a) gas products and also famous for retail stations. instance transport and softwood oil and gas product for heavy industrial uses includes fuel and lubricant for ships and planes. Many former(a) activities includes wind power, electricity production, and making solar panels, producing petrochemicals which ar used for coatings,plastics and detergents, and build up new technology for hydrogen vehicles .More importantly, roughly 3% of the worlds oil and approximately 3.5% of the worlds gas is produced by Shell companies, analogous to other major private oil and gas companies (Shell, 2005).Using majestic Dutch typeface plc for research study is because it is international group of zippo and petrochemicals companies, operating in more than 145 countries and employing approximately 119,000 battalion ( beat, 2005). They argon one of the biggest in the oil sector is known to be listed in the top 50 companies on number one in the world. (Fortune ,Global euchre ,2009).This research is going to look at the concept of HRM, draw up a unified work to examine its fibre on favourableness and growth of businesses, and finally, investigate the current business context with regards to performance appraisal musical arrangement of regal Dutch Shell Plc.Literature review2.1 Performance appraisalPerformance appraisal is one of the important practices of human resource management started early in 1813 in United states of America ,(Bellows and Estep 1954m cited in wise and Buckley ,1998)so thither is add interest in and uses of performance appraisal system in the last leash decades verbalize by spud and Cleveland ,(1995).therefore extensive literature available on this subject. in spite of this success ,many organization still struggling to make and implement effective performance appraisal system. all the thought given to process ,many of flaws still headstrong (wise and Buckley ,1998).performance management is a bigger picture in which performance appraisal is located (piggot ,Irvine ,2003),performance management focuses on providing a framework for guiding employee performance towards achieving organizational goals(Torrington et ,2002)performance management is therefore anxious with improving the performance of teams and individual to ensuring the optimal environment is available for their employees to enhance their performance (Armstrong ,2003).Wilson and westrn, (2003), and Cattell, (1999) argued that performance appraisal is looked in the broader term and that its begin in management by objectives, performance management is a continues repeated process of decisive performance expectation, supporting performance, appraising performance and, managing performance standards (Analoui and Fell, 2002). Performance appraisal generally agency the annual interview amongst the manger and employee to discuss the individuals job performance during the previous 12 months the pass on of action plans to encourage enhanced performance (Wilson and western, 2001).Armstrong and Barron (2003) stated that it is easier to achieve the desired goals and objectives when the manger and subordinates clearly know what is expect of them. According to Fletcher (2004), performance appraisal provides a prospect for a manger and for subordinates to discuss the previous performance work on agreed objectives and standards to arrive at an agreement on how the appraise can enhance job performance.Pe rformance appraisal is lot in organization since 1960s for employee evaluation, for organization think purposes, and it is becoming the important element for maximizing the effectiveness of all purpose of the organization ,from management catering and development to production and node helpings (Creamer and jonosik, 2000).it was used before in this century by larger organization in the main for the administrative purposes (peter and Liang ,2007).2.2 Why performance appraisal?Performance appraisal is one of the important among the HRM practices ,many organization is able to mea positive(predicate) the development of their employee posture and behaviour through the use of appraisal system.teh information which is loll around by this come up is used for the changing in the selection and training practices to chose and develop employees with the require behavior and attitude. The effectiveness of skilled employee is non in favor unless they atomic number 18 properly motivate d to perfume their job (Singh K, 2004). Wan et al (2002) explored that there is encouraging relationship between performance appraisal and employee performance or organizational performance. The basic object of performance appraisal is how productive and employee is and depose the way in which employee productivity can be improved.2.2 .1 Benefits of performance appraisal to employeeGenerally, performance appraisals serve an important purpose in the management of custody and in achieving the organization objective. From employee perspective, performance appraisal give direction to employee that what hardly their way of required to do the job, also to motivate them to achieve their localise and help them to improve their work performance. According to Brown and Heywood, (2005) performance appraisal is formalized way of monitoring the work force and it is proposed to be a management besidesl to enhance the performance and productivity of worker. Performance appraisal also improve s the commitment of employee (Brown and Benson.2003).The Organization needs an appraisal system in order to put their managers in charge of relation to the performance of organization because when employees ar given their job responsibilities and duties, then they are liable for these responsibilities.Also Fletcher (2004) suggested that performance appraisal provide a platform for employees to look away their tough goals and objectives, which leads them in successful completion of their job. The positive feedback receive from the mangers in appraisal interview will motivate employees in improving their performance likely. Martin and Jackson, (2000) appraisal is also a method of enhancing employee training and development as it provide information about the strength and weaknesses in performance, which create a debate how to improve the performance of employee. In the end it helps the employees to understand their boilersuit contribution in achieving organization goals (Martin and Jackson, 2000).2.2 .2 Benefits of Performance apprisal to organizationIn most of the organization performance appraisal are used to fall meaningful decision regarding salary increases, promotion and transfer. Performance appraisal is also the known to be best for the training and consultation of individual employees by their superiors to improve job performance (Wan D et al 2002, Sels L 2003 Singh K, 2004).the performance related commit processes can also be used in integration with appraisal system. There are many ways by which organization will enhance the performance of their employees. They use performance ground compensation to give rewards on successful completion on specific organization goals and objectives. Further research has given evidence that compensation to employees help in improving their performance (Gomez -Mejia wellbourn,1988 ., Milkovich Boudreau 1998). A nonher system is the bonus system which can also be used for motivating employee to work towards their achievement of the familiarity (Pfeffer 1994).Empirical studies done and found that there is positive relationship between performance-related pay and overall association performance.2.3 Problem with performance AppraisalDeming (2000) stated that performance appraisal is considered to be one of the seven deadly diseases of management practice. He argued that rating employee on individual based was not a suitable way of measuring performance since the functional environment is controlled by manager contributes to and affects the way of employee performance. Many problems lift during performance appraisals, some arise from manger side and some from employee, and also some arise from other factors.2.3 .1 Employee and mangers perception about PAMostly employees dislike performance appraisal interview for the fear of uncertainty in handling the questions, fear of criticism, resuscitate about promotion, and also fear because their future job with organization mainly depends upon the outcome of these interviews. Employees see these interviews as validation for those decisions which are already made concerning salaries, promotion and job tenures. Poorly conducted performance appraisal system can more damage the organization environment.In organization many managers also dislike performance appraisal interviews its difficult for them to explain employees about their short circuitsighted performance they find it unpleasant and awkward. Some managers fear that performance appraisal gives employees self satisfaction and result in lower of performance. Due to these reasons, they not give any positive information to employees. Another reasons to give perpetual scheduled for taking appraisal interview. Some manger not subscribe to in seriously performance appraisal they just taking it as job to be entire not a mean of exchanging or sharing suggestion and getting new ideas from their subordinates (Wells and Spinks ,1994).2.3 .2 Complexity of PA resultArmstrong and B aron, (1998) has name performance appraisal as dishonest annual religious rite because manger and staff disbelieve performance rating with the faith that performance related pay whitethorn function unfairly. Some problems with appraisal are known as complex procedure used in assessment, slanted elements which bring confusion in the assessment, rewards and progress in the hand of adept boss, employees have to work with their appraisers after the appraisal and idea is that performance appraisal aims to limit the collective aspects of work. There are some common problems which are faced by both appraiser and appraise such problem like paperwork formality of the appraisal process .thats wherefore performance appraisal has been termed as curse rather than a solution for organization (Taylor, 1998).2.3.3 Performance appraisal to organizationGrint (1993) argues that due to the subjectivity of performance appraisal is not giving the positive expected result to organization and is unlike ly to financial aid objective appraisals. He indicates that performance appraisal is not as lots acceptable to line managers as it is acceptable to human resource managers. barely he admits that performance appraisal still play important role in organization. Fletcher (1997) suggests that expecting too much from performance appraisal is danger since it in unlikely solution for all performance problems.In spite of the criticism, Fletcher (2004), tater and Cleveland (1995) argue that performance appraisal is important for improvement performance in organization and Simmons (2002) say again that nobody give reasonable choice for appraising perfomance.Fletcher (2004), Murphy and Cleveland (1995) suggest that the process that is followed in design and executing of such a system prohibits effectiveness rather than only performance appraisal is not responsible. Fletcher (2004) further argues that organization spends proper money, time and unstrained to spend effort can achieved succes sful performance appraisal system. He also acknowledges though that if organization has an effective performance appraisal system they still have to monitor continuously that system to make sure that it compels all needs of its stakeholders.2.4 Why performance appraisal failsFletcher and Williams (1985) point out that only assessment of people is not only thing include in appraising persons work performance. in fact there are two incompatible roles involve in appraisal- these are judge and helper. In its unclear format, foot and Hook (2002) stated that some usual appraisal schemes have been accused of being run for the profit of personnel managers or top managers, with many other people in the organization not really understanding or appreciating what the performance appraisal scheme was move to achieve.A sample of a typical form for performance appraisal using Management by Objectives (MBO) i.e. (based on objectivity rather than subjectivity) is drawn in appendix a below, that sh ows that the questions are quite straight forward and seems no direct confusion in terms of understanding2.4 .1 Expected many results from PA buttocks and Hook (2002) raised the point that why the performance appraisal fails and where we are mistaken? ane major point is that too many purposes are take overed to fulfil by the appraisal system. Usually, most of the appraisal schemes drop into one of three categories i.e. they are concerned with performance, potential or reward. Failure to this occurs as they dont fall into one of the three categories described, but are expected to achieve all three in general.The recognition of appraisal system downgraded due to the reason that many managers claim that they give this sort of feedback all the time informally, and if they do this well there may indeed be no need for a formal appraisal scheme. Foot and Hook, (2002)But in general, it is important to say that it is unlikely that all managers in a let outicular organization will appraise their staff constantly and effectively, so we do not have enough cable against the use of performance appraisal systems.There are some other flaws in the approach of performance appraisal that are mentioned by Foot and Hook (2002) as belowLack of clarityLinking appraisal with payKeeping information secret from the employeeAnd Subjectivity or attacks on the appraises characterAs we now entered into the new millennium, so almost e trulything is reshaped and rethought for more effective results, so the performance appraisal as well. Mentioned by Stone (2002) that a study by William M. Mercer Consulting in 1995 suggested that 84 per cent of responding companies would continue to use the results of performance appraisals for its further improvement. So it is obvious that performance appraisals will be the keystone of performance management programmes. This studies show that majority of organizations will continue to use some version of these systems with the passage of time.3 Methodolo gyThis research follows methodology of Saunders (2003) explain the research its in his famous research onion. The research methodology explained the overall process of implementing research which includes information about how the data will be collected, from whom, who will be included in the collection of data and how the involvement made in research (Saunders,2003).In this research the assessment in detail of findings from the primary research. This will be done through the analysis and discussion of the result obtained through the unstructured interviews and questionnaire which was conduct with discordant personnel of the vitrine Pakistan, and Shell UK .The analysis and findings from the primary research, relates to the objective of the research mentioned in the literature review. The primary research findings will be discussed in detail in order to draw conclusions and recommendations, which will discuss in the organizational findings and discussion. In the research a total of 70 questionnaires spread among the targeted sample of work over Pakistan. A total of 28 completed and returned, breakation the participation average rate as 47%, which is still a good response rate for questionnaires. The feedback was expected at least 50% the reason behind was the good management cooperation and the researchers good recognition among other employees. The management distributed and recollected the questionnaire in the time frame allotted for this activity and the management also shown their own interest due to the examination of upcoming results to find out the actual root of many problems. In addition to the overall result of the questionnaire, the telephonic interviews were also god to see how it can regularise the whole results.While in Shell UK the same number 70 questionnaires distributed across the selected sample, mainly these questionnaires distributed in the cuticle retail patrol service stations. in which 35 of them completed and returned, which is t he good expected rate of feedback 50 %.the reason is the mangers corporation and organization culture ,which always welcomes these research for the result which gives useful amount of information to the organization to help them in their organization development.4 Organizations findings and discussion4.1Organizational Context Royal-Dutch Shell free radicalOverviewThe Royal Dutch follow for the development of oil color properly in the Netherlands East indies was registered in Hague in 1890.than in 1949 the name is changed to Royal Dutch rock oil friendship .Shell was commencement registered back in 1897 by brothers Marcus and Sam Samuel called as the shell transport and trading company, Ltd .(now it become PLC ,public limited company ).The first control stick operating company Royal-Dutch /shell ,the Asiatic flatulencyeum company was first established in 1903 and in 1907,Royal-Dutch and shell co-ordinated their operation one by one ,in 60 % Royal-Dutch ,40 % shell. Even tho ugh after merging their interests the main company remain separate like one can buy theatrical role in Royal-Dutch or in Shell-Transport, but not in the Group as such.US oil production increase due to the Group founded the American Gasoline Company to sell gasoline along the pacific soaring and also to buy oil in Oklahoma establish the Roxanna petroleum in year 1912.this growth further boost up in 2000 resulting 34 percent earnings from disco really and production and 4 percents is comes from the gross revenue of oil products were generate in USA.(shell .com )(financial report 2009,Royal Dutch shell plc).4.2 Largest lucrative MNCs( multinational corporation)The Royal Dutch /Shell Group is one of the largest and remunerative MNCs in the world (Shell plc ,Annual report 2009 ) .The Anglo -Dutch group of companies is the Royal-Dutch shell group, the two prop companies which own the group is being the shell transport and trading company Plc (UK) and Koninklijke Nederland (Royal Dutc h petroleum company, Netherlands).these companies have divided share between them are 40 percent and 60 percent respectively of the following three subsidiaries, which also own them further holding companies for more operating subsidiaries these areShell petroleum NV (Netherland)Shell petroleum Company LTD (UK)Shell petroleum Inc.(USA)4.3 SHELL UK4.3 .1 from oil well to the petrol pumpShell UK is best known for its energy product and services from the oil well to petrol pump, from the pit of North Sea to the w build up house throughout UK, shell delivers the energy which full fill the Britain needs. Shell makes major contribution in UK economy, Shell is not just through providing product and services to UK customer ,but also contributes through employment ,investment and tax revenues which boost up economy. Shell has around 8,600 workforces in the UK. In UK energy that is use by millions of people for heating and powering their homes Shell is the major provider of energy in UK.(shel l.co.uk)4.3.1,2 upstream businessShell main upstream business is a principal player in the North Sea for over 30 years. In UK sector of North Sea, shell is giving interest to more than 50 fields, operated in more than 30 installation platforms, 30 subsea installations, three offshore gas plants and a marine terminal. Shell is producing approximately 15 % of UK oil and gas on behalf of its co-ventures.(shell.co.uk)4.3.1,3 Downstream businessShell Downstream business includes 900 shell-branded service stations, operates the second largest refinery in the UK which providing products like premium fuels, chemicals for industry, and V-power patrol. The global home base of shell downstream supporting business functions is located on the southeasterly bank of the Thames in London. Shell technology centre Thornton, involved the largest lodge of scientists operative on huge range of research projects, and also working on technologies associated with fuels, lubricants, additives, and eng ineering.(shell.co.uk)In term of oil and gas production volumes shell is the largest exploration and manufacturing companies operating in UK. Shell operates major number of its operation in UK continental with the 5050 joint ventures with ExxonMobil. Mostly UK oil and gas production came from the North Sea .in the Atlantic margin orbit, shell has an interests as non-operating contributor mainly in the west Shetlands area, which cover area of Schiehallion, Clair and loyal fields.4.3.2 Shell PakistanBovee, (1997) stated that today work place is completed of the people who differ in race, gender, age, culture, family structure, religion and educational background. Such cultural diversity is the second movement contributing towards the importance of ability of successful communication with people of other cultural. The business messages, how to create, planned, sent, received, and interpreted in the work place is also affected by diversity. (John v, thrill and Courtland, 1977).4.3.2,1 Shell entry in AsiaThe brand name Shell enjoys a 100-year history in this part of the world, dating back to 1899 when Asiatic oil color, the extreme eastern marketing arm of two companies Shell Transport Company and Royal Dutch Petroleum Company began importing kerosene oil from Azerbaijan into the subcontinent. Even today, the legacy of the olden is visible in a storage tank carrying the date 1898.4.3.2 ,2 PAKISTAN subcontinentThe known history of Royal Dutch Shell plc in Indo Pakistan subcontinent dates back to 1903 when compact between the two big companies, The Shell Transport Trading Company and the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company struck and start bestow petroleum to Asia.In 1928, to increase their distribution capabilities, the marketing interest of Royal Dutch Shell plc and the Burma Oil Company Limited in India were merged and Burma Shell Oil Storage Distribution Company of India was born. After the license of Pakistan in 1947, the name was changed to the Burma Shell O il Distribution Company of Pakistan. In 1970, when 51% of the shareholding was transferred to Pakistani investors, the name changed to Pakistan Burma Shell (PBS) Limited. The Shell and the Burma Groups retained the be 49% in equal propositions. In February of 1993, as economic slackening began to take root and the Burma divested from PBS, Shell Petroleum stepped into raise its stake to 51%. The years 2001-2 have seen the Shell Petroleum Company successively increasing its share, with the Group now having a 76% stake in Shell Pakistan Ltd (SPL) an expression of confidence. The company is among one of the best company in the country. The company provides the entire fuel products, competing with the international standards on the standard price.5 main findingsAfter the organizational context the main description of differences in instruction execution and adaptation of HR practices with the focus on performance appraisal system for their employees while working in the two differen t business environment ,which is shell UK and shell Pakistan.In research finding it is clear that the present appraisal system at Shell Pakistan is conducted annually in for each one and every department of the organisation. Also in findings it is clear that the annual appraisal system at Shell Pakistan inhabits of a formal appraisal system to evaluate the employee performance. The finding also results in that a very short number of employee 15 % is fully aware of objectives of performance appraisal system, 15 % of wholly respondent fully aware of it means that makes a very weak performance appraisal knowledge base for their recommendation. However, it is clear that in Shell Pakistan there is a significant weakness in conducting of effective training and development programmes by management. As employee working in the Shell Pakistan there is need of more awareness program to let the staff fully aware and get the maximum benefits from it.While in shell UK also uses formal appraisa l system and uses the scorecard for the performance appraisal, employees are rewarded individual performance and also the team achievement in put to sustainability. As comparison to Shell Pakistan, In research findings it is clear that very good percentage number of employee like 40% of wholly respondent is fully aware of performance appraisal and reward management. They know that they can assess on the number of grounds works and will get rewarded according to their individual and group performances. There is also continues training and development program running time to time for the awareness of Shell UK employees. That why employee working for Shell UK is getting much more benefits compare with the employee working for Shell in Pakistan.Although Shell Pakistan has already been practicing it, there still consist some necessary considerations to PRP (Performance Related Pay).Contingent pay covers various methods of providing additional rewards for individuals or teams. As a cost e ffective factor, stated by Armstrong (2002) that increments may be withheld for unacceptable performance although this is rare, and some structure have a sexual morality bar which limits increments unless a defined level of merit has been achieved. In the table 1 of appendix has straight merit increments shown as grammatical case of merit pay. The increments percentage will depend on total merit pay budget for each performance grade, the number of employee in each performance level and finally their current level of base pay, (John Shields 2007).One of the best ways of motivation is linking pay directly to employee performance, in Shell UK finding results 70 % of the questioners respondents were strongly agree to this statement while 20% agree, 7% disagree and 3 % strongly disagree. It implies that there is need of depending on(p) pay in the company. Even though pay for performance and point pay is difficult in mange, but include many methods of providing rewards for individual or team (Armstrong and Stephens, 2002).Improved team working is one of the core elements in the business strategy for the Shell Pakistan, so it is good to attach/associate individual performance pay to the performance of individual and teams. On the other hand ensuring that this scheme is distributed fairly so can understand the desired level of performance, competence, contribution or skill and thus improve organizational performance regarding team based tasks while not de-motivating those who cannot shortly compete. (Armstrong M, 2002).here HR and operation manager is agree on the point that reward those who can meet assured targets is practicing in Shell Pakistan. To maintain these scheme is hard because of political instability in the Pakistan which influence the shell operation .these factor includes limit on production, civil unrest ,international conflicts, and due to local security concern that affect the safe operation of the shell standards in country. Here also employee keen interest in performance pays more than reward because the uncertainty of business environment there is fear of job loss.While UK economy is one of the best lasting economies for business operation, where Shell UK deliver very affective performance appraisal system for their employees. To analyze the performance of team and individual Shell UK have very stable roots in country can focus in increase the business perfor

Les Miserables Essay -- essays research papers

In his novel, Les Miserables, author Victor Hugo makes a strong statement about orderliness beingness the wee-wee for diabolic in man. Les Miserables is based on a woeful man, Jean Valjean, who was arrested for larceny a loaf of bread to feed his siss famishment baby. Valjean is sentenced to 20 years for his crime, and, when he is released, he is shunned for his past, which he has more than compensable for. Society addresss him out at every turn for his past crime, and forget hear no excuses for his deed. With this scenario, Hugo shows the cruelty of a polish world that would cause a man to suffer unending harm for thievery a single loaf of bread to feed a small child. As the ill treatment continues, Valjean becomes more and more vinegarish toward society. He belike would have been pushed too far, and would have lashed out against his aggressors, if he had not been shown humanity by the church. Valjean was taken in by a kindly Bishop, who federal official him and of fered him a place to stay. Valjean, however, had already fallen part from the light of campaign and when all the others were asleep he stole the silvery dinner devour and fled into the night. This act again can be blessed on society for Valjean, realizing that because of his criminal record he would in all probability neer again be able to obtain a job and nutriment himself, saw stealing the silverware as his only choice. Had he not been caught and returned to the Bishop, Valjean probably woul... Les Miserables Essay -- essays research papers In his novel, Les Miserables, author Victor Hugo makes a strong statement about society being the cause for evil in man. Les Miserables is based on a poor man, Jean Valjean, who was arrested for stealing a loaf of bread to feed his sisters starving baby. Valjean is sentenced to 20 years for his crime, and, when he is released, he is shunned for his past, which he has more than paid for. Society turns him out at every tur n for his past crime, and will hear no excuses for his deed. With this scenario, Hugo shows the cruelty of a civilized world that would cause a man to suffer unending prejudice for stealing a single loaf of bread to feed a small child. As the ill treatment continues, Valjean becomes more and more bitter toward society. He probably would have been pushed too far, and would have lashed out against his aggressors, if he had not been shown kindness by the church. Valjean was taken in by a kindly Bishop, who fed him and offered him a place to stay. Valjean, however, had already fallen partially from the light of reason and when all the others were asleep he stole the silver dinner ware and fled into the night. This act again can be blamed on society for Valjean, realizing that because of his criminal record he would probably never again be able to obtain a job and support himself, saw stealing the silverware as his only choice. Had he not been caught and returned to the Bishop, Valjean p robably woul...

Barbie Essay -- essays papers

BarbieSince the stickning of time, toys have often been an index of the way a society behaves, and how they interact with their youngsterren. For example, in ancient Greece, artifacts vul tin canised there testify that children were simply not given toys to play with as in the modern world. The cruel ritual of leaving a down(p) child on a hillside for dead, namems to indicate a lack of tending to the young (Lord 16). The same is true of todays society. As you can see with the number of toy stores in our society, we find toys of great take to be to our lives and enjoy giving them to children as gifts. Ask just about both young girl what she wants for Christmas and youll undoubtedly learn the same answer A Barbie. But what exactly has caused this baby boomer Barbie craze, and how did the entire world get so caught up in it? The answer lies in Ruth four-in-hands vision for the first childrens adult doll. Mrs. Handlers eleven and one-half-inch chunk of shaping began c ausing problems even before its public debut in 1959, yet has managed to become one of the Statess favorite dolls. Ruth Handler and her two young children, Barbara and Ken, were but sightseeing in Lucerne, Switzerland, when Mrs. Handler first saw the doll she herself had been try to create (Lord 29). In the window of a small gift sell was an eleven and one-half-inch tall plastic doll with a slender cleaning womans body and a long blond ponytail. Her name was Lilli ( lousy young lady 1). She had been created from a cartoon character in a double-u German tabloid similar to the National Inquirer (Lord 8). Dressed provocatively, and with a seductive look in her eye, Lilli had become a popular pornographic gag gift for men ( seriously Girl 1). Excited to see her long-time idea a reality, Mrs. Handler bought three of the dolls and hurried home to begin work on her own doll ( disobedient Girl 2). It was 1956, and inside three years, Mattel Creations began marketing the teenag e fashion model as a saucy kind of doll from real life (Tosa 30). The new doll, deemed Barbie, was named later her own daughter Barbara, whos umteen years of play with musical composition dolls had actually inspired her to begin designing the three-dimensional adult doll (Lord 30). Though Mrs. Handlers version of the doll was not as racy or alluring as Lilli, her imitation of the German slattern would come back to haunt her many years later (Bad ... ...body and a new focus, she has plans to become even more spectacular with many new adventures and many new friends. Barbies new look includes a wider waist, smaller hips, a less torpedo-like bust, and flat rather than pointy-toed feet (Bad Girl 3). She is also playing an active role in new research in prosthetics. Jane Bahor, a woman who makes replacement body parts, had experimented with the plastic knee joints in Barbies legs. She has found that they work well as prosthetic fingers for her patients because they are more realistic-looking and useful. So far, Bahor has provided the replacement joints for more than a dozen of her patients and has been extremely successful in her studies (Bad Girl 27).As Barbie gets ready to turn the big 4-2, it is unreal to think that she has accomplished her last makeover. No doubt that as time changes and peoples attitudes towards life change, this timely doll will also be coerce to adjust to the needs of society. With more than 75 successful careers, her own decreed website, and a namesake magazine, this little doll has become more than a childs plaything. Whether we love her or hate her, she will always be a part of us all.

Rates of Epidemic Infection Drops :: Spanish Influenza Journalism Media Essays

order of Epidemic Infection DropsBreaking news today as the natural York Times reports a drop in the rate of infection of what is straightaway being called Spanish Influenza. More than 900 fewer cases in the past 24 hrs were reported by the New York Times today, with a total come in 91 deaths. This 20 percent drop resulted in further 3,362 reported cases of flu as of October 21. As New Yorkers breathe a quick sigh of relief, the rest of the nation shudders on what has become an pestiferous spread of the grippe, normally common this time of year but never before so deadly. However, medical officials warn that these acts may not be necessarily accurate, as there are many cases of influenza that go unreported. In spite of the medical officials warnings, the drop in the number of those killed by Spanish influenza is positive, as those can be accurately measured and accounted for. News of the decrease in cases reported was met with a force for more vigilance in preventing t he spread of this malady. A list of cardinal rules to the public in the aim of safeguarding against the spread of respitory disease has been released by the sawbones General of the Army, one of which being the three Cs--a clean mouth, clean come up and clean clothes. The question of how this epidemic attacked the United States at this time of struggle against democracy is one that plagues every patriots mind. A mere month past Health Officials were meeting to discuss the prevention of the spread of the disease from the ports. barely limited cases had been reported, with quarantines being enforced in New York City. Now as it has spread to all states, with only three having stationary reports of its spread, Americans are inquiring for more preventative action. From its appearance, this Grippe-like influenza has spread rapidly. New York prepared itself for an bang when the first three city-based cases of influenza appeared on September 19. Commissioner Dr. Royal S. Copelan d in speaking of the outbreak confirmed everyones worst fears, It looks very much as if we were in for our influenza siege.The quick spread of the disease was marked by the crowding of hospitals. On October 20, only a month after the sign impact of the illness was make apparent, the New York Chapter of the Red Cross has made all of their facilities at the immediate disposal of all city and governmental officials.

Love Of Life :: essays research papers

Summary for Love of Life Love of life started emerge on a trail with two men being the characters. In the beginning they started out as tired and weak. Each man had a rifle. They came upon a some boulders and the man in back slipped over angiotensin converting enzyme and sprained his ankle. Bill staggered on through the milky waters. Bill was gone now. He looked at his watch and could not tell if it was in the end of July or beginning of August. He was still laying in the stream that prevail to the Coppermine River. The man got up and started to proceed towards his destiny. He winced with pain and through the acquit over his left shoulder to take the pressure off his hurt ankle. He picked his way through muskeg to muskeg, and followed the other footsteps along and crosswise the edgy ledges. He thought he was hilucinating when he saw a ship, and the ocean. both once and a while he would stop. On his journey he came crosswise some bones, bones that looked as if they were chewed up. His hunger pangs did seem as exquisite anymore. He saw four newly hatched chicks, and he ate them ravenously, thrusting them alive in his mouth. The chase led him across a swampy ground in the bottom valley and he came across some footsteps, they must be Bills he thought. He began to have the hallucinations again when he thought he saw a horse, simply what was really a bear. He thought to himself here is meat in front of me, I will throw my knife and kill it. scarce he went on with a new type of fear, not a fear that he would die from starvation but be violently destroyed. Now and again wolves passed along his path, but sheered clear of him. He came across some bones, the wolves had must of made a kill. Next thing he was squatting in moss, sucking at the shreds of life. In the afternoon of the bordering couple days he found a track of a man not walkin but dragging on all fours.

Plath’s Stings †An Analysis :: Stings Essays

Plaths Stings An Analysis Stings is a feminist poem by Sylvia Plath. The last dickens stanzas atomic number 18 important in understanding Plaths feeling firearm writing the poem. In lines fifty- sensation through sixty the speaker conveys that, although she may pay off been a drudge before, she will not be one any more. She refuses to submit to society and be a hard functional drudge. The speaker believes she is more than that perhaps even a queen They thought death was worth it, but I be possessed of a ego to recover, a queen. The speaker in the poem realizes that she has the potential to be a queen, and she didnt want to give up on that dream. She wanted to captivate onward from her drudge-like surroundings that had once killed her spirit. She would rise above the fray and get onward from the engine that killed her- the mausoleum, the wax house. The beehive had become more of a prison, and she wants to get away from it very badly. The last two stanzas are important because they are metaphoric for the way women are suppressed and forced to stay at home doing the cleaning and watching the children. It was considered wrong and out of the norm if a woman wished to get a career for her own. Plath is trying to tell us that women who have become drudges as a result of marriage have more potential than just being house keepers and baby-makers. Other rhetorical elements that Plath uses include imagery and symbolism. She is very vivid in describing the way the bee looks in the last two stanzas With her lion-red body, her wings of glass.....red scar in the sky, red comet. The linguistic process create a clear picture in of what she must have looks like, escaping the mausoleum, a symbol of the beehive and, therefore, of the speakers entrapment. It killed her, or rather, killed her spirit.

Comparsen Between The Book And Movie Cujo Essay -- essays research pap

Watching the depiction is so much more interesting, and it grabs your idea by the hand. There are not that many things that are diametric in the movie. In fact the movie describes what?s way out on a wee better than the book. Basically the book seems like an egress line of the whole story and the book gets into details a little more. In the beginning of the book it talks about Tad going to bed and how he?s a little nervous because he thinks there is a monster under his bed. His father tucks him into bed and says true(p) night. About 10 minutes later Tad wakes up cry his head off saying he sees a monster in his closet. The author doesn?t even describe what the ?monster? looks like. In the movie it shows wha...

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Essay -- LTTE women fighters

Charlotte Bronte writes in the famous novel Jane Eyre, I am no bird and no net ensnares me I am a free human being with an independent will. As the writer shows the freedom wills is rooted into the woman and they fight for their independence base on their situation. But most of the Asian culture defending the rights and portrait the women into the frames of concerned, beautiful, caring, weak and under estimating them. Women are expected to play a mercenary role in the community. Especially they considered as the Honor of the family who is responsible for preserving the prestige of the family. While it is true that women are beautiful, care and concern, it does not necessarily coercion to determine this feature only define the woman. To deteriorate the subordination of women to men, a gang of women stood up against the violence where the whole world was stunned and surprised. It was a Sri Lankan Tamil nation diaspora named Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) with female fighte rs who wanted to whelm social and cultural norms. They proved the nation as well as the whole world, that they, as women, are no longer inferiors to men. The involvement of LTTE Tamil female fighters in the affair of secession challenged the patriarchal social expression of Sri Lanka. The LTTE women fighters changed the button-down appearance of the Sri Lankan women to reflect the gender equality within the society. for the most part a Sri Lankan Tamil woman is expected to be into the house, noiseless, conservative and mustiness admit her whole life to the family. Especially through being conservative means to wear her traditional dress (Saree), having Bindi, a decoration careworn by women and jewelries to reflect her cultural identity. In contrast, the L... ...about Iraq war and women. Mostly this tooth root refers the international information not my included topic of essay. I cited this to equalise the LTTE women fighters with the international fighters and women. So I quoted on line. For comparing obviously this opening gives me evidence. Overall this source is not that much needed for this essay.Wang, Peng. Women in the LTTE Birds of emancipation or Cogs in the Wheel? Journal of Politics and law, Mar 2011. Web. 05 Feb. 2014.This is overly a scholarly journal about LTTE and women fighters that describes well about the engagement of the secession. This article is clearly depicts about the floor for the battle and its consequences. But this journal failed to differentiate the equality of the women in the battle and emancipation. So this article not that much used for my argument but it helps to know about the battle background.