Phytoremediation: Insuring Safe Selenium Levels Essay -- Exploratory E

Phytoremediation Insuring Safe Selenium LevelsSelenium is a of course occurring divisor found in soil. It becomes a problem when irrigation practices cause it to leach out of the soils in the western states. The sou-east is deposited in the rivers, then accumulates until it reaches toxic levels. The high levels of selenium seriously affects the environment and agriculture downstream. However, with the use of phytoremediation, the possibility of safe selenium levels has never been closer.Selenium is an essential trace element, number 34 on the hebdomadary table, that is found naturally in the environment. It is distributed in most rocks, soils, water, and living organisms. There are places in the U.S., Australia, and China that do not have enough naturally occurring selenium. However, most areas of the world contain significant amounts of the element (Bentor).Selenium is a micronutrient necessary for human and animal health. Supplements have been promoted as an aid in preventing m any another(prenominal) serious health problems, including cancer. It is thought to be an antioxidant that helps prevent damage done to cell tissues by free radicals. Selenium acts inside the cell to capture and set aside peroxides produced by the oxidation process of free radicals before they can alter the cell membrane (Coomer). However, there is a very small margin among the amount of selenium needed for optimal health and the amount that results in selenium toxicity in people. High levels of selenium can cause dizziness, irritability, fatigue, bronchitis, garlic breath odor, brittle nails and hair, and reduced hemoglobin levels (Canadian).In livestock, excessive levels of selenium are one of the main agents of poisoning in the western United States. 2 ca... ...tml.Lemly, A. Dennis and Harry M. Ohlendorf. Regulatory Implications of UsingConstructed Wetlands to Treat Selenium-Laden Wastewater.Ecotoxicity and environmental Safety. 2002.Phytoremediation. Environmental Health Pe rspective. Volume 103, No. 12.Dec. 1995.Selenium A Window on Wetlands. 1 April 2004. http//www.lbl.gov/MicroWorld/Wetlands.html.Tools for Environmental Cleanup Engineered Plants for Phytoremediation.9 Mar. 2004. http//www.cfr.washington.edu/outreach/Phyto2003. What is Selenium? Gunnison Basin Selenium Task Force. 10 Mar. 2004.http//www.seleniumtaskforce.org/selenium.html.White, Ken. Phytoextraction. Brookhaven National Laboratory. Chicago,IL. Feb. 2000.Yang, Sarah. Wetlands Clean Selenium from Agricultural Runoff. 10 Mar. 2004. http//www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2003/01/22/selen.html.

Reasons vs. Causes :: essays research papers

Reasons vs. CausesReasons tell us why we ought to believe (do) something. Causes tell us why we in fact do believe (do something). Reasons ar normative, causes are factual. Reasons justify, causes explain.(Caution the terms here are imprecise, and we use terms such as explanation or reason in different ways than just outlined.)Example. speak up I say I believe that there are no triangles.? You say Why do you believe that?? You can be either communicate for the cause of my belief or (more likely in this case) for my reasons for believing it. Suppose that you are interested in the explanation of why (as a division of fact) I hold the belief. I may tell you (truthfully) that I hold this belief because my father told me so (perhaps kept saying so), so I kind of claim come to hold the belief by default, as it were. In doing so I make no pretense to argue that this is a reason I may in fact believe that my father holds many false beliefs. I am only claiming that as a matter of fact this is how I came to believe that there are no triangles. Ive told you what the cause is, not what my reasons are.Suppose that you are interested in the justification of my belief. You want to know why a(ny) rational person should think that there are no triangles. Prima facie, you might add, there are reasons to believe quite the contrary. Look around you there are triangles everywhere. And, you might cinch your argument by reaping one like that There is at least one triangle. This one (you point). And you can draw others . . . So, triangles exist (Here is what I will say to you and what I will say to you will provide a reason for my believing that there are no triangles) The problem is that no matter how perfect your triangle might appear, it never will conform to the standards of geometrical definition of a triangle. The sides of this triangle are not fragments of a straight line (if you look closely, the segments will turn out not to be straight? at all but rugged. No matter how precise your instruments will be, when you get further and further down to the atomic level, you will have swarming electrons not straight lines And if you sum the angles, they are not passing to be exactly 180.

Executive Summary :: essays research papers

The executive summary is arguably the most important section of the business broadcast. It must be concise, specific, and well-written. It summarizes the highlights of the completed business plan and provides a brief snapshot of the plan, with sales, spending, and profit summary figures. The summary emphasizes those factors that will make the business a success. It must contain sound numbers for merchandise size, trends, company goals, spending, return on investment, capital expenditures, and funding required. For new businesses or businesses seeking funding, credibility and excitement are key elements of the executive summary. Venture capitalists ascertain hundreds of plans each month, and just a few are actually being read from cover to cover. A quick 20-second scan of the executive summary is the terra firma for screening which plans to read and which companies to interview for investment. When the plan is the vehicle used to attract financing or investment, the executive summ ary should make it clear to the reader who is a potential source of funds why this is a sound investment. Business Background The business background section of your business plan generally consists of two to four sections that present information that is specific to your business. You may have gathered substantial information about competitors and the industry in general in the data track of considering your business plans. This is not the place for that information. Instead, concentrate solely on those characteristics of your business that are specific to your particular business. The business background generally includes the following a document describing the business entity and its general operation a document describing the product or service that your business will provide a document describing your facilities, if appropriate a document describing the people in your organization, if appropriate The Business Entity The business entity portion of the plan provides informati on that is specific to your business. This document sets forth the current military position of operations, the management structure and organization, and the identification of key personnel. If the plan is being created for an existing business, historical information is also included. The business background provides the reader with information regarding the symbol of business (e.g., wholesale, retail, manufacturing, service, etc.) type of legal entity (e.g., corporation, partnership, sole proprietorship, etc.) when the business was established where it is located the type of facilities, if any (e.g., retail establishment, manufacturing plant, etc.), although you may need to devote a recess

Cellular Reproduction :: science

Cellular ReproductionCellular Reproduction is the process by which all living things produce new organisms uniform or identical to themselves. This has to happen because if a species were not able to reproduce, that species would quickly become extinct. Reproduction consists of a basic pattern the conversion by a parent organism of raw clobbers into offspring or stalls that will later develop into offspring. The reproductive process, whether apomictic or sexual always involves an exchange in hereditary material from the parents so that the new organism may as well as be able to reproduce. Reproductive processes can be categorized into either asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is any form of reproduction that does not require the union of male and female reproductive material (sperm or egg). Most single celled organisms reproduce by the asexual process known as fission, which is commonly called mitosis. Fission is The disperseting of a nucleus into twain roughly equal parts accompanied by the release of a pretty large amount of energy. Inter variety, the first phase of the cell cycle and also the phase before mitosis, starts as soon as the cell is born. Interphase is broken up into three phases, G1, S, and G2. During the G1 phase, the cell increases in mass except for the chromosomes, which stay the same. Protein synthesis is also occurring during this phase. If a cell doesnt divide further, it remains in the G1 phase. Next is the S phase, in which the mass of the cell continues to increase, and DNA is duplicated, and then the chromosomes divide. During the G2 phase of Interphase, the cell becomes double its mass at birth, the chromosomes begin to shorten and coil, and the centrioles appear, the cell is now ready to enter into mitosis. In the first phase of mitosis, prophase, the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles split in half and then move to opposite sides of the cell. At this point chromosomes have formed int o two chromatids separated by a structure called a centromere. Spindle fibers are barely visible. During metaphase, the second phase of mitosis, the two chromatids line up along the equator of the cell. Each chromatid has its own spindle fiber. Next comes the third phase of mitosis, Anaphase, in which the centromeres break in half, causing each of the two chromatids to start to be pulled to different sides of the cell.

The Presence of Christianity in American Law :: Friedrich Nietzsche Genealogy of Morals Essays

The Presence of Christianity in American Law In his Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche presented his theory on the ascetic priest and how Christianity utilise the concept of original sin to give man meaning for his suffering. Christianity also gave people a way of channeling their resentment and breaking down socioeconomic barriers chthonian the protection of God. With Christianity came altruism and compelled charity, but moreover, the formation of the congregation where the masses participated in an overwhelming act of self-deception (according to Nietzsche). In the American commonwealth, socioeconomic barriers are surpassed beneath the court of law, but this court is supposedly unattached from religion. Nonetheless, the influence of Christianity on American law and morality is such that one can call the U.S. democracy a secularized church (i.e. has the same behavior and structure as a church but without the imposed religiousness). An analysis of the compariso n between the Christianity Nietzsche so adamantly criticized and the modern American society reveals that a secularized church as such can thrive and prosper despite its weaknesses due to the Christian origin. In Human, All-Too-Human, Nietzsche wrote, Christianity came into human race in order to ease the heart but now it has first to burden the heart so as afterwards to be able to lighten it. He criticized Christianity because it promoted suffering and belittled the value of earthly life. Not only were Christians expected to accept suffering as the means to salvation (Therefore, since Christ suffered in his body, arm yourselves also with the same attitude, because he who has suffered in his body is done with sin (1 Peter 41)), but the Christian God accepted disquiet and allowed it to occur. Nietzsche saw this approach to life as a means of self-deception, since one is upholding a divine being who is responsible for this pain (and who may well non even exist) and one is disguising pain as happiness Rejoice that you participate in the suffering of Christ (1 Peter 413). To him, Christianity was a dangerous narcotising (Genealogy of Morals, 3rd Essay, Section 17). With the formation of the Christian congregation, a community formed (which was, according to Nietzsche, implemented by the ascetic priest) that taught social equality.

Why Might Economic Growth Not Always Be A Good Thing? :: Economics

Why Might Economic Growth Not Always Be A Good Thing?When a country undertakes the scrap of economic gravelth, it does itfor a number of reasons, but possibly the most important of these isto avenge its population. At the end of the Second World War, SouthKorea wanted to grow economically in order to escape theirpredominantly farming lifestyles and to experience all of the benefitsof consumerism.But instead what South Koreaand many other developing economies get wordthemselves left with is far from their idealistic dreams. Growth isnot always something to be welcome for the vast majority ofeconomically growing countries and can have devestating effects.The problems we go for today is endless. From the smallest microcosm tothe entire earth, economic growth and waste is slowly destroyingeverything around us. As members of an industrialised society theeffects are all too apparent. And in general, the destroying of thelandscape and the pollution of air and water decrease our ability toenjoy the existent amenities of life, thus questioning the acceptedopinion that materialism brings more(prenominal) to our daily lives than forexample, the life of someone in a pristine and enjoyable naturalenvironment. As I sit here writing this es hypothesise, in motility of me lie vastswathes of land ripped wide open, and in their place, concrete sits.To the growing economies of the world, we must pose one question andone question alone - Is this what you unfeignedly want?Socially, one might argue that perhaps, economic growth might be agood thing. All of the stereos, holidays, mobile phones andapartments, some might say bring enjoyment. But with this massivegrowth often society wants are often created faster than theindustrial machine can satisfy them, conduct to a continual, bitterdesire that always rises beyond what can satisfy it. Human naturedictates this. I will not stop and be satisfy with my Jaguar, myRolls Royce and my BMW - no, now I want a Mercedes. This leave s peopleoften dissatisfied than before, when consumerism had been given alower value. Today, in our advanced society, consumption exists notto satisfy consumer wants, but merely to justify production. Not onlythis, but also the demands of high economic growth and consumerismalso place a huge buzzer on the cogs of the industrial machine, theworkers. Why do some many people take depressants and commit suicidein developed nations if they are really enjoying the real amenitiesof life? The stress and high-paced lifestyle is not always what peoplein less developed countries or even in developed countries would of necessity want.So far, I have merely dealt with the problems that countries that have

Economics- Asean

History of ASEAN ASEAN was origin both(a)y formed tabu of an organisation c every last(predicate)ed the Association of southeastern Asia (ASA), an alliance consisting of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Siameseland that formed in 1961. As such, ASA is considered the trumpeter to ASEAN. The Association of in the southeast Asiatic Nations (ASEAN) is a g everywherenmental and economical organization of countries located in southeastern United States Asia. ASEAN was formed on August 8, 1967 by the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, as a display of solidarity against Communist expansion in Vietnam and insurgency within their own borders.ASEAN itself was established on August 8, 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand met at the Thai Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok and signed the ASEAN result (also know as the Bangkok Declaration). The five foreign ministers, considered the organizations Founding Fathers, were go game Malik of Indonesia, Narciso R. Ramos of the Philippines, Tun Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand.The founding fathers envisaged that the organization would eventually encompass all countries in Southeast Asia. Brunei Darussalam became the sixth fragment of the ASEAN when it joined on January 8, 1984, b arly a week aft(prenominal) the country became independent on January 1. It would be a further 11 years before ASEAN expanded from its core six members. Vietnam became the seventh memberand the stolon Communist member of ASEANon July 28, 1995, and Laos and Myanmar joined two years later in July 23, 1997.Cambodia was to have joined the ASEAN together with Laos and Myanmar, but was deferred due to the countrys internal governmental struggle. Cambodia later joined on April 30, 1999, next the stabilization of its government. Thus was completed the ASEAN-10 the organization of all countries i n Southeast Asia. The ASEAN region has a population of slightlywhat 500 million, a total realm of 4. 5 million square kilometers, a combined gross domestic product of almost US$ 700 billion, and a total trade of well-nigh US$ 850 billion. Members of ASEAN Member Countries pic pic pic pic pic Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia pic pic pic pic pic Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam The ASEAN was founded by five accedes, mostly from mari prison term Southeast Asia the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. The British protectorate of Brunei joined the ASEAN six days subsequently the country became independent from the United Kingdom on January 8, 1984. The mainland states of Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar were later admitted. Vietnam joined the ASEAN on July 28, 1995. Laos and Myanmar were admitted into the ASEAN on July 23, 1997. Cambodia became the newest member when it was admitted on April 30,1999.The Melanesian state of Pap ua New Guinea has observer status in the ASEAN. East Timor on the other hand is expected to formally apply for full membership at the 2006 39th Annual Ministerial run across of ASEAN Foreign Ministers in Kuala Lumpur. The association admits about 8% of the worlds population and in 2003 it had a combined GDP of about USD$700 billion, growing at an average rate of around 4% per annum. The economies of member countries of ASEAN are diverse, although its major products include electronics, petroleum, and wood. The ASEAN countries are culturally rich. It includes more Muslims than any other geo policy-making entity. About 240 million Muslims live mostly in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei.Buddhism constitutes the main religion of mainland Southeast Asia and thither are about 170 million Buddhists in Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Singapore. Roman Catholicism is predominant in the Philippines. Through the Bali Concord 11 in 2003, Asean has subscribed to the notion of demo cratic peace, which means all member countries trust democratic treates go out publicise regional peace and constancy. Also the non-democratic members all agreed that it was something all member states should aspire to. Objectives of ASEAN The ASEAN Declaration states that the innovations and purposes of the Association are (1) To urge on economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and 2) To promote regional peace and stability by abiding respect for arbitrator and the line up of law in the relationship among countries in the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES ASEAN Member Countries have adopted the following fundamental principles in their relations with one another Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and guinea pig identity of all nations The honest of every State to lead its national globe free from external interference, subversion or coercion Non-interference in the internal personal matters of one another Settlement of differences or disputes by passive demeanor Renunciation of the threat or use of force and Effective cooperation among themselves. General information of ASEAN Members picBrunei picCambodia picIndonesia picLaos picMalaysia picMyanmar picPhilippines picSingapore picThailand picVietnam Seat of Secretariat Jakarta Secretary General Ong Keng Yong line of business 4,480,000 km2 Population Total(2004) 592,000,000 Density 122. 3 bulk/km? GDP (2003) Total $2. 72 trillion (PPP) Total $681 billion (Nominal) GDP/capita $4,044 (PPP) GDP/capita $1,267 (Nominal) organisation Bangkok Declaration Signed 8 August 1967 Currencies Bruneian Dollar (BND), Rupiah (IDR), Riel (KHR), Kip (LAK), Kyat (MMK), Ringgit (MYR), Peso (PHP), Singapore Dollar (SGD), Baht (THB), Dong (VND) The ASEAN Summit The organization finds annual confluences in relation to economic, and cultural development of Southeast Asiatic countries.The ASEAN Leaders Formal Summit was early held in Bali, Indonesia in 1976. At first in that respect was no set schedule due to domestic issues in the member countries. In 1992, leaders decided to hold meetings every three years and in 2001 it was decided to meet annually to address urgent issues affecting the region. Member nations were assigned to be the summit host in alphabetical order unpack in the case of Myanmar which dropped its 2006 hosting rights in 2004 due to pressure from the United States and the european union. The formal summit meets for three days. The usual itinerary is as follows ? ASEAN leaders hold an internal organization meeting. ASEAN leaders hold a conference together with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum. ? Leaders of 3 ASEAN Dialogue Partners (also known as ASEAN+3) videlicet China, Japan and South Korea hold a meeting with the ASEAN leaders. ? A separate meeting is set for leaders of 2 ASEAN Dialogue Partners (also known as ASEAN-CER) namely Australia and New-Zealand. At the 11th ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, new meetings were scheduled. ? East Asia Summit converging ASEAN and six dialogue partners namely China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and India. ? ASEAN-Russia Summit meeting between ASEAN leaders and the President of Russia. ASEAN Formal Summit Number Date Country Place 1st 1976 February 23 February 24 picIndonesia Bali 2nd 1977 August 4 August 5 picMalaysia Kuala Lumpur 3rd 1987 celestial latitude 14 December 15 picPhilippines Metro Manila 4th 1992 January 27 January 29 picSingapore Singapore fifth 1995 December 14 December 15 picThailand Bangkok 6th 1998 December 15 December 16 picVietnam Hanoi 7th 2001 November 5 November 6 picBrunei Bandar Seri Begawan eighth 2002 November 4 November 5 picCambodia Phnom Penh 9th 2003 October 7 October 8 picIndonesia Bali 10th 2004 November 29 November 30 pi cLaos Vientiane 11th 2005 December 12 December 14 picMalaysia Kuala Lumpur 12th 2006 December 11 December 14 picPhilippines Metro Cebu 13th 2007 picSingapore Singapore 14th 2008 picThailand 15th 2009 picVietnam Logo and Flag of ASEAN pic The New ASEAN logo represents a stable, peaceful, joined and high-powered ASEAN. The colors of the logo blue, red, white and yellow represent the main colors of the crests of all the ASEAN countries. The blue represents peace and stability. Red depicts courage and dynamism. White shows righteousness and yellow symbolizes prosperity. The ten stalks of padi represent the dream of ASEANs Founding Fathers for an ASEAN comprising all the ten countries in Southeast Asia bound together in friendship and solidarity. The circle represents the haleness of ASEAN. pic Flag of ASEANIn 2003, the ASEAN Leaders resolved that an ASEAN Community shall be established comprising three pillars, namely, ASEAN Security Community, ASEAN Economic Community an d ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community. ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITY To build on what has been constructed over the years in the field of political and security cooperation, the ASEAN Leaders have agreed to establish the ASEAN Security Community (ASC). The ASC shall aim to ensure that countries in the region live at peace with one another and with the world in a just, democratic and harmonious environment. It has the following components political development organization and sharing of norms conflict prevention conflict resoluteness post-conflict peace building and mechanisming mechanisms.It will be built on the strong foundation of ASEAN procedurees, principles, agreements, and structures, which evolved over the years. ASEAN economic COMMUNITY Its goal is to create a stable, prosperous and highly competitive ASEAN economic region in which there is a free string up of goods, services, coronation and a free current of capital, equitable economic development and reduced poverty and soci o-economic disparities in year 2020. The ASEAN Economic Community shall establish ASEAN as a single market and production base, turning the diversity that characterizes the region into opportunities for business complementation and making the ASEAN a more dynamic and stronger segment of the global tot up chain.ASEANs strategy shall consist of the desegregation of ASEAN and enhancing ASEANs economic competitiveness. In moving towards the ASEAN Economic Community, ASEAN has agreed on the following Institute new mechanisms and measures to sustain the implementation of its existing economic initiatives including the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), ASEAN Frame hold Agreement on Services (AFAS) and ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) Accelerate regional integration in the following priority areas by 2010 air travel, agro-based products, automotives, e-commerce, electronics, fisheries, healthcare, rubber-based products, textiles and apparels, tourism, and wood-based products. Facilitate moveme nt of business persons, skilled labor and talents and tone up the institutional mechanisms of ASEAN, including the improvement of the existing ASEAN fray Settlement Mechanism to ensure expeditious and legally-binding resolution of any economic disputes. otherwise major integration-related economic activities of ASEAN include the following Roadmap for Financial and Monetary desegregation of ASEAN in four areas, namely, capital market development, capital account liberalization, liberalization of pecuniary services and currency cooperation Trans-ASEAN point network consisting of major inter-state highway and rail line networks, including the Singapore to Kunming Rail-Link, principal ports, and sea lanes for maritime traffic, inland waterway transport, and major civil aviation links Roadmap for Integration of Air Travel Sector Interoperability and interconnectivity of national telecommunications equipment and services, including the ASEAN Telecommunications Regulators Council Sectoral Mutual Recognition Arrangement (ATRC-MRA) on Conformity Assessment for Telecommunications Equipment Trans-ASEAN energy networks, which consist of the ASEAN Power Grid and the Trans-ASEAN suck Pipeline Projects Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) counselling on infrastructure, human resource development, information and communications technology, and regional economic integration primarily in the CLMV countries Visit ASEAN Campaign and the private sector-led ASEAN Hip-Hop ease up to promote intra-ASEAN tourism and Agreement on the ASEAN Food Security Reserve. ASEAN SOCIO-CULTURAL COMMUNITY The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community envisages a Southeast Asia bonded together in partnership as a community of caring societies and founded on a common regional identity. The Community shall foster cooperation in social development aimed at raising the standard of life of disadvantaged groups and the rude population, and shall seek the active involvement of all sectors of soci ety, in particular women, youth, and local communities.ASEAN shall ensure that its work force shall be prepared for, and arrive at from, economic integration by investing more resources for canonic and higher education, training, science and technology development, job creation, and social protection. ASEAN shall further intensify cooperation in the area of public health, including in the prevention and control of infectious and communicable diseases. The development and enhancement of human resources is a key strategy for employment generation, alleviating poverty and socio-economic disparities, and ensuring economic growth with equity. Among the on-going activities of ASEAN in this area include the following ASEAN turn over Programme for Social Welfare, Family, and Population ASEAN Work Programme on HIV/AIDS ASEAN Work Programme on Community-Based Care for the Elderly ASEAN Occupational Safety and Health Network ASEAN Work Programme on Preparing ASEAN Youth for Sustainable Employment and Other Challenges of Globalization ASEAN University Network (AUN) promoting collaboration among seventeen member universities ASEAN ASEAN Students Exchange Programme, Youth Cultural Forum, and the ASEAN Young Speakers Forum The Annual ASEAN Culture Week, ASEAN Youth Camp and ASEAN try out ASEAN Media Exchange Programme and Framework for Environmentally Sustainable Cities (ESC) and ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. EXTERNAL RELATIONS The ASEAN Vision 2020 affirmed an outward-looking ASEAN playing a important role in the transnational community and advancing ASEANs common interests. Building on the Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation of 1999, cooperation between the Southeast and Northeast Asian countries has accelerated with the holding of an annual summit among the leaders of ASEAN, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (ROK) within the ASEAN Plus Three process.ASEAN Plus Three relations save to expand and deepen in the areas of security d ialogue and cooperation, transnational crime, trade and investment, environment, finance and monetary, agriculture and forestry, energy, tourism, health, labor, culture and the arts, science and technology, information and communication technology, social welfare and development, youth, and rural development and poverty eradication. There are now thirteen ministerial-level meetings under the ASEAN plus Three process. Bilateral trading arrangements have been or are being forged between ASEAN Member Countries and China, Japan, and the ROK. These arrangements will serve as the building blocks of an East Asian Free Trade Area as a long term goal.ASEAN continues to develop cooperative relations with its Dialogue Partners, namely, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Japan, the ROK, New Zealand, the Russian Federation, the United States of the States, and the United Nations increase Programme. ASEAN also promotes cooperation with Pakistan in some areas of mutual interes t. Consistent with its resolve to enhance cooperation with other developing regions, ASEAN maintains contact with other inter-governmental organizations, namely, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Rio Group, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the South Pacific Forum, and through the recently established Asian-African Sub-Regional Organization Conference.Most ASEAN Member Countries also participate actively in the activities of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), and the East Asia-Latin America Forum (EALAF). ASEAN Vision 2020 This was said at one of its summit. We, the Heads of State/Government of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, gather today in Kuala Lumpur to reaffirm our inscription to the aims and purposes of the Association as set forth in the Bangkok Declaration of 8 August 1967, in particular to promote regional cooperation in Southeast Asia in the spirit of equality and partnership and thereby contribute towards peace, progress and prosperity in the region.We in ASEAN have created a community of Southeast Asian nations at peace with one another and at peace with the world, rapidly achieving prosperity for our peoples and steadily improving their lives. Our rich diversity has provided the effectualness and inspiration to us to back up one another foster a strong sense of community. We are now a market of around 500 million people with a combined gross domestic product of US$600 billion. We have achieved considerable results in the economic field, such as high economic growth, stability and significant poverty alleviation over the past few years. Members have enjoyed substantial trade and investment flows from significant liberalization measures. We resolve to build upon these achievements.Now, as we approach the 21st century, thirty years after the birth of ASEAN, we gather to chart a vision for ASEAN on the basis of todays realities and pros pects in the decades leading to the grade 2020. That vision is of ASEAN as a concert of Southeast Asian nations, outward looking, living in peace, stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic development and in a community of caring societies. ASEAN shall have, by the year 2020, established a peaceful and stable Southeast Asia where each nation is at peace with itself and where the causes for conflict have been eliminated, through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law and through the strengthening of national and regional resilience. STRUCTURES & MECHANISMSThe highest decision-making organ of ASEAN is the Meeting of the ASEAN Heads of State and Government. The ASEAN Summit is convened every year. The ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (Foreign Ministers) is held annually. Ministerial meetings on the following sectors are also held regularly agriculture and forestry, economics (trade), energy, environment, finance, health, information, investment, labor, law , regional haze, rural development and poverty alleviation, science and technology, social welfare, telecommunications, transnational crime, transportation, tourism, youth. Supporting these ministerial bodies are committees of senior officials, technical working groups and task forces.To support the conduct of ASEANs external relations, ASEAN has established committees composed of heads of diplomatic missions in the following capitals Beijing, Berlin, Brussels, Canberra, Geneva, Islamabad, London, Moscow, New Delhi, New York, Ottawa, Paris, Riyadh, Seoul, Tokyo, Washington D. C. and Wellington. The Secretary-General of ASEAN is appointed on merit and accorded ministerial status. The Secretary-General of ASEAN, who has a five-year term, is mandated to initiate, advise, coordinate, and implement ASEAN activities. The members of the professional staff of the ASEAN Secretariat are appointed on the principle of open recruitment and region-wide competition.ASEAN has several specialized bo dies and arrangements promoting inter-governmental cooperation in various fields including the following ASEAN Agricultural Development Planning Centre, ASEAN-EC Management Centre, ASEAN Centre for Energy, ASEAN Earthquake Information Centre, ASEAN Foundation, ASEAN Poultry Research and Training Centre, ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, ASEAN Rural Youth Development Centre, ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Centre, ASEAN Timber A alliance in Dynamic Development We resolve to chart a new direction towards the year 2020 called, ASEAN 2020 Partnership in Dynamic Development which will forge closer economic integration within ASEAN.We pledge to sustain ASEANs high economic performance by building upon the foundation of our existing cooperation efforts, consolidating our achievements, expanding our collective efforts and enhancing mutual assistance. We will create a stable, prosperous and highly competitive ASEAN Economic Region in which there is a free flow of goods, s ervices and investments, a freer flow of capital, equitable economic development and reduced poverty and socio-economic disparities. We resolve, inter-alia, to undertake the following Maintain regional macroeconomic and fiscal stability by promoting closer consultations in macroeconomic and financial policies. Advance economic integration and cooperation by undertaking the following customary strategies fully implement the ASEAN Free Trade Area and accelerate liberalization of trade in services, realize the ASEAN Investment Area by 2010 and free flow of investments by 2020 intensify and expand sub-regional cooperation in existing and new sub-regional growth areas further consolidate and expand extra-ASEAN regional linkages for mutual benefit cooperate to strengthen the multilateral trading system, and reinforce the role of the business sector as the engine of growth. Promote a modern and competitive small and medium enterprises (SME) sector in ASEAN which will contribute to the i ndustrial development and efficiency of the region. Accelerate the free flow of professional and other services in the region. Promote financial sector liberalization and closer cooperation in money and capital market, tax, insurance and customs matters as well as closer consultations in macroeconomic and financial policies. Accelerate the development of science and technology including information technology by establishing a regional information technology network and centers of excellence for dissemination of and favourable access to data and information. Establish interconnecting arrangements in the field of energy and utilities for electricity, natural gas and water within ASEAN through the ASEAN Power Grid and a Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline and Water Pipeline, and promote cooperation in energy efficiency and conservation, as well as the development of new and renewable energy resources. Enhance fodder security and worldwide competitiveness of food, agricultural and forest p roducts, to make ASEAN a leading producer of these products, and promote the forestry sector as a model in forest management, conservation and sustainable development. meet the ever increasing demand for improved infrastructure and communications by developing an integrated and harmonized trans-ASEAN transportation network and harnessing technology advances in telecommunication and information technology, especially in linking the planned information highways/multimedia corridors in ASEAN, promoting open sky policy, developing multi-modal transport, facilitating goods in transit and integrating telecommunications networks through greater interconnectivity, coordination of frequencies and mutual recognition of equipment-type approval procedures. Enhance human resource development in all sectors of the economy through quality education, upgrading of skills and capabilities and training. Work towards a world class standards and conformance system that will provide a harmonized system to facilitate the free flow of ASEAN trade while meeting health, safety and environmental needs. Use the ASEAN Foundation as one of the instruments to address issues of unequal economic development, poverty and socioeconomic disparities. promote an ASEAN customs partnership for world class standards and excellence in efficiency, professionalism and service, and uniformity through harmonized procedures, to promote trade and investment and to protect the health and well-being of the ASEAN community, enhance intra-ASEAN trade and investment in the mineral sector and to contribute towards a technologically competent ASEAN through closer networking and sharing of information on mineral and geosciences as well as to enhance cooperation and partnership with dialogue partners to facilitate the development and transfer of technology in the mineral sector, particularly in the downstream research and the geosciences and to develop appropriate mechanism for these. USE OF THE NAME ASEANThe Pr esidium Minister for Political Affairs/Minister for Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, the substitute Prime Minister of Malaysia, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Singapore, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand do hereby declare the psychiatric hospital of an association for regional cooperation among the countries of Southeast Asia to be known as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). ASEAN Declaration, Bangkok, 8 August 1967 I. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS The ASEAN Standing citizens committee, at its meeting in Manila on 16-18 June 1986, adopted the Guidelines for ASEAN Relations with Non-Governmental Organizations, which included a provision on the use of the name ASEAN. The relevant provision states that, an affiliated NGO may use the name ASEAN and display the official ASEAN emblem in correspondence, communications, and at its official meetings so long as the displaying of such emblem is non-com mercial in nature. II. backstage SECTORThe ASEAN Standing Committee, at its meeting in Jakarta on 10 January 1979, adopted the Guidelines on the Use of the name ASEAN by the Private Sector. under are the main points Member countries shall exercise some measure of control on the use of the name ASEAN by the private sector for business purposes. This administrative control shall be exercised where official registration is required by law for setting up a company, such as a trading company, whether as a corporation or sole proprietorship. Any request for the use of the name ASEAN should satisfy the following conditions (i)The entity should be regional in character involving all members of ASEAN (ii)The name ASEAN should not be brought into disrepute by its usage iii)The entity should be indigenous to ASEAN (iv)The usage of ASEAN should not have any negative effect on the aims and objectives of ASEAN The entity should have the sponsorship of any of the ASEAN National Secretariats. AS EAN Regional Forum pic ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN countries Other ASEAN Regional Forum participants. ASEAN regularly conducts dialogue meetings with other countries and an organization, collectively known as the ASEAN dialogue partners during the ASEAN Regional Forum(ARF). The ASEAN Regional Forum is an informal multilateral dialogue of 25 members that seeks to address security issues in the Asia-Pacific region. The ARF met for the first time in 1994.The current participants in the ARF are as follows ASEAN, Australia, Canada, Peoples Republic of China, European Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, East Timor, and the United States. Bangladesh was added to ARF as the 26th member, start from July 28, 2006. Outlook of ASEAN Realizing the vision of ASEANs founding fathers of an association of all Southeast Asian countries is thus hardly the end of ASEAN history. It is rather a call for a renewed commitment to broader regional solidarity among the peoples of Southeast Asia. ASEAN has learned to draw strength from unity not only among governments but also among its diverse peoples. The ASEAN experience and the ASEAN process must reach out to all spectra of our societies, said former Foreign Minister Prachaub Chaiyasan of Thailand in 1997. Through ASEAN this region will become a grassroots-supported and close-knit community bound together not only by common interests but by shared values, identity and aspirations among our peoples. ASEAN faces the future with confidence. Its strong foundation and rare achievements will serve Southeast Asia well as it pursues higher goals in the new millennium. ASEANs leaders have reaffirmed that co-operative peace and shared prosperity should be the associations basic goals.Towards these goals ASEAN shall remain a driving force in building a more predictable and constructive pattern of relationships among nations in the Asia-Pacific region. ASEAN will move toward s greater economic integration, emphasizing sustainable and equitable growth. ASEAN will nourish a caring and cohesive Southeast Asian community, whose strength lies in fostering a common regional identity and a shared vision of the future. Overview The ASEAN declaration of 1967 exhorts the association to attain its economic, social and cultural aims through joint endeavors and active collaboration and mutual assistance. Regarding its political objective of regional peace and stability, however, the Declaration contains no equivalent exhortation.It speaks only of respect for justice and the rule of law and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. It makes no impassioned call for the ASEAN member states to take common political positions. The restraint with which ASEANs founders expressed the political aim of their brainchild was understandable. They did not want their intentions to be misunderstood. They did not want ASEAN to be mistaken for a military grouping a mong political allies-as some of its predecessors had been. Moreover, at the time of ASEANs conception, Southeast Asia was beset by instability aggravated by underdevelopment. The ASEAN pioneer states themselves were just beginning to learn to trust one another, while breast feeding he hangover of bitter disputes of recent years. The newborn ASEAN was, therefore, presented as a sub regional grouping for economic, social and cultural cooperation. But security concerns and political purposes were never far from the ASEAN founders intentions. As a key figure in ASEAN diplomacy, former Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas has pointed out, The truth is that politics attended ASEAN at its birth. It was the convergence in political outlook among the five original members, their shared convictions on national priority objectives and on how best to secure these objectives in the evolving strategic environment of East Asia which impelled them to form ASEAN. ASEAN spent almost the whole firs t decade of its existence developing and refining the concepts that form the basis of its work and methods of cooperation. In those early years its ministerial and other meetings became occasions for fostering trust and goodwill, for developing the habit of working together informally and openly. In the process ASEAN leaders realized that their countries could never attain national stability and socioeconomic development if Southeast Asia-afflicted with strife and cold War rivalry-remained in political turmoil. The ASEAN member states strove for resilience, both individually as nations and collectively as a sub regional grouping for they knew the association would not amount to much if external powers regularly intervened in Southeast Asian affairs.At the First ASEAN Summit in Bali in February 1976, the member countries signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, which spelled out the basic principles for their relations with one another and the conduct of the asso ciations programme for cooperation Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and national identity of all nations The right of every state to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion Noninterference in the internal affairs of one another Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful means Renunciation of the threat or use of force and Effective cooperation among themselves. The pact envisaged these principles as the foundation of a strong Southeast Asian community.It stated that ASEAN political and security dialogue and cooperation should aim to promote regional peace and stability by enhancing regional resilience. And this resilience shall be achieved by cooperation in all fields among the member countries. Following these principles and guidelines, Southeast Asia embarked on a journey towards regional solidarity that has been pissed and sure. Through political dialogue and confidence bui lding, ASEAN has prevented occasional bilateral tensions from escalating into confrontation among its members. And by 1999 the vision of an ASEAN is including all the countries of Southeast Asia as members had been achieved. Achievements in Political quislingismSince 1967 ASEAN has forged major political accords that have contributed greatly to regional peace and stability, and to its relations with other countries, regions and organizations. Foremost among these are Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality. On 27 November 1971 the foreign ministers of the then five ASEAN members met in Kuala Lumpur and signed the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) Declaration. It commits all ASEAN members to exert efforts to secure the recognition of and respect for Southeast Asia as a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality, free from any manner of interference by outside powers, and to make concerted efforts to broaden the areas of cooperation, which would contribute to their strength, so lidarity and closer relationship. ZOPFAN recognizes the right of every state, large or small, to lead its national existence free from outside interference in its internal affairs as this interference will adversely affect its freedom, independence and integrity. Another five years passed before the next major development in political cooperation came about-the First ASEAN Summit in Bali, when the ASEAN leaders signed three major documents the Declaration of ASEAN Concord, the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, and the Agreement Establishing the ASEAN Secretariat. Declaration of ASEAN Concord. Departing from the more circumspect Bangkok Declaration, the Declaration of ASEAN Concord stated for the first time that the member countries would expand political cooperation. It also adopted principles for regional stability and a programme of action for political cooperation.The programme called for holding ASEAN summits among the heads of government signing the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia settling intraregional disputes by peaceful means as soon as likely improving the ASEAN machinery to strengthen political cooperation studying how to develop judicial cooperation including the possibility of an ASEAN extradition treaty and strengthening political solidarity by promoting the harmonization of views, coordinating positions and, where possible and desirable, taking common action. Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) in Southeast Asia. TAC raised the provisions of the Kuala Lumpur Declaration to the level of a treaty to which other Southeast Asian countries could accede and with which the nonregional countries could associate themselves. The treaty enshrines the following principles mutual respect for one anothers sovereignty noninterference in internal affairs the peaceful settlement of intraregional disputes and effective cooperation. The treaty also provides for a code of conduct for the peaceful settlement of disputes.And it mandates the establishment of a high council made up of ministerial representatives from the parties as a dispute-settlement mechanism. To this day, TAC mud the only indigenous regional diplomatic instrument providing a mechanism and processes for the peaceful settlement of disputes. Southeast Asia thermonuclear Weapon-Free Zone. At the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok on 15 December 1995, the leaders of all the ten Southeast ASEAN countries signed the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (SEANWFZ). As a key component of ZOPFAN, the SEANWFZ treaty ex-presses ASEANs determination to contribute to-wards general and complete nuclear disarmament and the promotion of international peace and security.It also aims to protect the region from environmental pollution and the hazards posed by radio-active waste and other toxic materials. The SEANWFZ treaty came into force on 27 March 1997. ASEAN is now negotiating with the five nuclear-weapon states on the terms of their accession to the protocol which lays down their commitments under the treaty. ASEAN has put in out the SEANWFZ Commission and the Executive Committee of the commission to oversee implementation of the treatys provisions and ensure compliance with them. The association adopted procedural and financial rules governing the work of the treaty bodies at the seco0nd meeting of the SEANWFZ Commission in Bangkok in July 2000.Settlement of the Cambodian Conflict. One of the most important chapters in the history of ASEAN diplomacy took place during the Cambodian conflict. The ASEAN-sponsored resolutions at the UN General Assembly, which called for a durable and comprehensive political settlement in Cambodia, received consistent support from the international community. With Indonesia as interlocutor, ASEAN hold its dialogue with all parties to the conflict. This eventually led to the Jakarta Informal Meetings at which the four Cambodian factions discussed peace and national reconciliation. The process proved to be protracted, requiring the help of many states and the United Nations.It extended to the early 1990s, culminating in the 19-nation Paris Conference on Cambodia, which was chaired by France and Indonesia. On 23 October 1991 the Paris Conference on Cambodia produced the universal Political Settlement of the Cambodian Conflict. This settlement paved the way for the formation of the Cambodian Supreme National Council, in which four factions participated, and the holding of elections supervised by the United Nations Transitional Authority on Cambodia. Nineteen ninety-nine will be remembered as the year when the vision of ASEANs founders to build an association comprising all the Southeast Asian countries was fully realized.The admission of Cambodia to ASEAN on 30 April 1999 in Ha Noi completed the associations efforts towards regional cohesion, 32 years after the original five members-Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines and Thailand-first got together. Insular a nd peninsular Southeast Asia and all of mainland Southeast Asia are now joined in one association. The region is no yearlong divided between ASEAN and non-ASEAN, between mainland and maritime Southeast Asia. Recent Issues and Concerns It is in ASEANs ability and readiness to resolve political differences affecting its members and other countries in the Asia-Pacific region that the associations commitment to political co-operation is put to the test. More often than not, that commitment has been affirmed and the ASEAN approach to solving potentially explosive issues vindicated.These issues include territorial and jurisdictional disputes in the South China Sea self-determination for East Timor nuclear proliferation in Northeast Asia and South Asia weapons of mass destruction and the tinge of globalization. South China Sea. Like many other parts of the world, Southeast Asia faces territorial disputes among its members and nearby states. In these disputes ASEAN has consistently pursue d a policy of cooperation in seeking the peaceful settlement of differences. In 1992, recognizing that any conflict in the South China Sea could directly affect peace and stability in the region, ASEAN issued a declaration urging all parties concerned to exercise restraint in order to create a positive climate for the eventual resolution of all disputes. ASEAN further emphasized the necessity to resolve all sovereignty and jurisdictional issues about the South China Sea by peaceful means, without vivify to force. The Manila Declaration of 1992, which proposed a modus vivendi in the South China Sea, represents one of the most remarkable demonstrations of political solidarity among ASEAN members on strategic issues of common concern. On the jot of ASEAN, ASEAN and China have been working on a Code of Conduct to govern state behavior in the South China Sea. The ASEAN-China Senior Officials Consultations workings Group on the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea met four times thi s year to negotiate a working delineate code of conduct covering principles and norms of state-to-state relations, peaceful settlement of disputes and cooperation.East Timor. ASEAN supported the implementation of the agreement between Indonesia and Portugal on the question of East Timor and the 5 may 1999 agreements between the United Nations and the Indonesian and Portuguese governments about the modalities for the popular consultations of the East Timorese. The consultations were held on 30 August 1999. As violence rocked the territory following the referendum, the ASEAN leaders who were in Auckland for the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting gathered to address the problem. Some of them agreed to contribute, at great expense, to the International Force for East Timor, which was formed upon Indonesias invitation.The UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) was subsequently set up, with a Filipino general taking over the command of the peacekeeping force. A Thai general ha s since succeeded him. Other ASEAN members have been extending humanitarian and other forms of assistance to East Timor. ASEAN has called on the international community to help East Timor achieve peace, stability and prosperity during its transition to full independence, which would contribute to the stability of Southeast Asia. Following the separation of East Timor from Indonesia, ASEAN has declared its position that a united, democratic and economically prosperous Indonesia is basic to the maintenance of regional security.In this context, the association emphasized its support for Indonesias territorial integrity. Northeast Asia. At the Seventh ASEAN Regional Forum in July 2000, the partnership for the first time of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea in the ARF process was welcomed-a significant step in the rapid evolution of the situation on the Korean Peninsula and thus in the security environment of the Asia-Pacific region. North Koreas ARF membership provides additiona l opportunities for dialogue and exchanges between North Korea and those ARF countries with key roles in the Korean situation. ASEAN expressed support for the historic summit between the North and South Korean leaders, held in Pyongyang on 13-15 June 2000.It also commended the 15 June North-South Joint Declaration, the first agreement signed at the highest level since the division of the Korean Peninsula in 1945. Challenges of globalization. The Seventh ASEAN Regional Forum observed that although the security outlook for the region remains positive, uncertainties and challenges-particularly those posed by globalization-would increasingly require ARFs attention. The Seventh ARF also considered the economic, social and human components of security and the need to promote regional cooperation in dealings with regional security issues. It discussed both the positive effects and the repercussions of globalization, including greater economic interdependence among nations and the multipli cation of security threats like transnational crime.In responding to globalization, ARF felt it prerequisite for nations to strengthen their individual and collective capacities to meet the challenges affecting their common security. ARF has reaffirmed the need for Southeast Asian countries to continue efforts, through dialogue and cooperation at national and international levels, in dealing with the economic, social and political impacts of globalization so as to ensure sustained economic and social development. ASEAN and intra-ASEAN relations weathering the storm? In April 1999, ASEAN formally admitted Cambodia thereby completing its declared goal of grouping together all ten Southeast Asian countries under its umbrella. This was the culminating event in the latest pattern of ASEANs enlargement. This process, however, had been problematic from the start.The entry of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam without any clear criteria for admission has raised questions regarding the pr eparedness of these countries to participate in ASEAN. More importantly, it led to strains in ASEANs relations with its dialogue partners over the legitimacy of some of the governments in power in these countries. The was further complicated by the economic upheaval caused by the financial crisis which struck Southeast Asia in 1997. The impact of these events on ASEAN has put into question the associations growing role as a leading player in Asia-Pacific affairs. More importantly, it has raised issues which are primordial to ASEANs continued existence. Bibliography 1. www. google. com. 2. www. ASEANsec. org. 3. Introductory Managerial Economics-II (By D. M. Mithani)

The Red Badge of Courage

Growing up during the naturalism and realism literary move custodyts, and experiencing combat in Cuba and Greece first hand influenced Stephen Cranes outlook in his raw The Red Badge of Courage that no matter what it takes, all living things go forth do any(prenominal) they can to save themselves, and that the world continues to spin regardless of human existence. The literary fronts that influenced his writing the most were naturalism and realism. Naturalism uses detailed realism to suggest that hearty conditions, heredity, and environment assume an inescapable force in shaping human nature.Crane uses this several(prenominal) times in The Red Badge of Courage. After heat content runs away from action and is in the midst of rationalizing his behavior, he comes across a particularly tranquil spot in the woods At length he reached a place where the high, arching boughs made a chapel. He softly pushed the green doors aside and entered. Pine needles were a gentle brown carpet. th ere was a religious half-light (7. 18). He notices A brain dead man with eyes changed to the dull hue to be seen on the side of a dead fish (7. 20).This is where henry comes to realize that nature and the universe have no interest in this dead man, nor do they have an interest in whether enthalpy himself lives or dies. There is simply nothing out there to help or save him or anyone else. This is a shocking lesson for him, and one that shatters his notions of the way things work. This is also Cranes way of introducing the philosophy of Naturalism into the novel. Naturalists were influenced by Darwins theory of evolution, which places a strong emphasis on evolution.Literary Naturalists reject the notion of free will and see humans as controlled primarily by instinct, emotion, and culture. This idea makes total heats behavior more random and explainable, rather than a growth toward maturity, or a rise toward heroism, through his exertion of free choice and decision. As he is faced with even more death, he finds that the termination of life is an fateful part of life He had been to touch the great death, and found that, after all, it was but the great death (24. 1).Henry realizes that no matter the amount of intrepidity or courage, the world has created the same fate for all those who live, they all must die. Crane implies this through images of natures beauty contrasted with mans blinking(a) brutality, and he exploits this paradox many times throughout the novel. Since Crane was a big believer in Naturalism, he wanted to show that death should not be romanticized, but should be looked at straight on in as dispassionate and scientific a way as possible.The vulnerabilities of dead men make death seem like a very real physical phenomenon, rather than the journey of ones spirit to either promised land or hell. Henry, too, is affected by viewing the dead. He sees that the dead do not know more than he does, and that they do not fix anything paranormal. He als o realizes that he could just as easily be among them that dying is as random and meaningless as war, or anything else. The second literary movement that influenced Cranes writing is realism. Realism is a term that can refer to any work that aims at honest portrayal over sensationalism, exaggeration, or melodrama.The Red Badge of Courage displays characteristics of Realism writing. Henry is a regular guy put into an extra ordinary situation. Crane uses figurative language in the forms of tomography and dialect. Another realism trait in The Red Badge of Courage is that nature is viewed as protection and a hindrance for Henry in several different cases throughout the story. For example, Crane writes, Another important event in Cranes lifetime that influenced him in writing The Red Badge of Courage is his firsthand experience when he entered combat in Cuba and Greece.Though he didnt actually enter combat until after his novel was written, his thirst to not just see a battle, but die in one, influenced his writing greatly. After finishing the novel, his hunger for the experience of war grew due to the fact that he wanted to see if his draw of the cultivated War was correct. Also, Cranes father was a minister, though they did not sh be the same beliefs, which is probably the reason Crane used so many scriptural references in his writing.For example, Crane wrote, The red sun was pasted in the sky like a wafer(9. 4). The wafer Crane is referring to is the wafer of communion. In the Christian sacrament of communion, believers eat the trunk of Christ through communion wafers and red wine. He does this to comment on the concept of men having to die in order to save other men, quasi(prenominal) to Jesus dying on the cross to save humans from their sins. The chapter that deals with the death of Jim Conklin-his initials argon J. C. , similar to Jesus Christ- promotes Jim as a sort of Christ-figure who through his unspeakable death helps redeem Henry.Critical Analys is Critics such as Maxwell Geismer and Bernard Weismer point out how Crane uses themes of courage, natures disregard of human life, and mankind to show the development of a young man from youth to maturity. Although the novel spans no more than a few weeks, a profound change in the characters of both Henry and Wilson occurs. Though these men do not technically age during the course of the book, the psychological development that they experience can be depict as the development from youth into maturity.Innocence gives way to experience, and the speculative beliefs of adolescents make way for the guaranteed, solid beliefs of men. In addition, James Trammell Cox shows how Crane uses symbols such as the dead pass and the characters of Jim Conklin and Wilson to show the transitions man must experience both mentally and physically to complete the journey from adolescence to manhood. Because of the novels title, it becomes evident that courage, specify it, desiring it, and, ultimately, achieving itis the most significant part of the book.As the novel opens, Henrys view of courage is traditional and romantic. He assumes that he will return from battle either with his shield or on it. This under stand up of courage is ground on the praise of peers more than the internal measure of his bravery. In the first chapter, Henry recollects his mothers advice, which opposes his own philosophies. She doesnt care about the praiseworthiness of Henrys name, but instructs him to do what he thinks is honest and right, even if he has to die doing it.The gap between Henrys definition of courage and his mothers suggestion fluctuates throughout The Red Badge of Courage, some(prenominal)times dwindling, and sometimes flourishing. At the end of the novel, as the mature Henry trudges triumphantly from battle, a more refined and multifaceted understanding of courage arises. It is not purely based on other peoples perceptions, but it does integrate a soldiers regard for his reputation. A nother theme ex jamming throughout the novel is the universes disregard for human nature.Henrys newly found awareness that the natural world spins on irrespective of the routine in which men live and die is the toughest lesson that Henry learns. It deprives him of his naive, innocent beliefs concerning courage and manhood. Not long after his encounter with the squirrel in the woods, Henry stumbles upon a dead soldier whose decaying body works as a reminder of the universes disregard of human life. As the drama of the war continues on approximately him, Henry occupies his mind with questions regarding the nature of courage and honor and the likelihoods of gaining glory.Death, he assumes, would stop the war cold. Yet, when he encounters the corpse, he finds that death is nothing more than a vital and ordinary part of life. Henrys happenstances with the squirrel and the corpse become the most important parts of the book, because in this place, Crane creates the formidable opposing for ces in Henrys mind the belief that humans deserves courage and honor, and the realization that all human life faces the same inevitable doom. Throughout the novel, Henry struggles to save his manhood.At first, he relies on very passe ideas. He is saddened that education and religion have repressed men of their natural viciousness and made them so internal that there are very few ways for a man to tell himself apart from others, other than on the battlefield. Having this chance makes Henry feel obligated(predicate) to be taking part in the war. As he makes his way from one battle to the next, he becomes more and more persuaded that his experiences will gain him womens praise and mens envy, and he will become a real man in their eyes.These early ideas of manhood are crude, idealistic, youthful illusions. The dead soldier represents the unimportance of human trepidations. Henry stumbles over the corpse, decaying and covered by ants, right after convincing himself that he was right to flee battle and that the wellbeing of the army depends upon soldiers being wise enough to save themselves. Then the dead soldier, whose facelessness strips him of any public acknowledgement of courage and forces Henry to begin to question the standards by which he measures his actions.Similarly, characters such as Jim Conklin and Wilson undergo a change in which, they two realize that the completion of this transition lies within oneself. Jim Conklin and Wilson stand as symbols of a more human kind of manhood. They are confident without being show-offs and are eventually able to take responsibility for their shortcomings. Wilson, who begins the novel as an obnoxious and bodacious soldier, later reveals his vulnerability when he requests that Henry deliver a yellow envelope to his family if he dies in battle.In realizing the unimportance of his life, Wilson is able to free himself from the custody that bind Henry. By the end of the book, Henry takes a confident step in the same d irection, learning that his manhood lies within the way he owns up to his mistakes and responsibilities rather than in his actions on the battlefield. Modern day Connection On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered the I Have a Dream actors line at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C. His speech was a demonstration for freedom, in which he was fighting for the equality of colored people all around the world.This speech made history, but his story wasnt over. At 601 p. m. on April 4, 1968, a shot rang out. Martin Luther King, a man of great courage, was assassinated for standing up for what he believed in. King hasnt been the only demonstration of courage in history. Libyans are making history as we speak. Similar to Cranes using the Civil War to show how a young soldier struggles to define and strive courage, recently, the Libyans rebelled against their government to get rid of the corruption that is taking over their country, and, hopefully, develop some sort of d emocracy and gain human rights.Libya has been ruled for 42 years by a shrewd, unconventional dictator who has often called his own people backwards. fifty percent of his 6. 5 million subjects are minors. Although Libya contains many plentiful oil revenues, which provide most of the national budget, most children are starving and weak. Corruption is rampant, protestors are brutally suppressed, and many citizens are afraid that even speaking Quaddafis name in public will attract suspicion.Instead, they call him the leader and his son, Seif, the principal. Punishments are so extreme that even discussing national policy with a foreigner results in three years in prison. Reporters have commonly described press freedom in Libya as virtually non-existent. Unemployment rates are just about 30 percent, and those that do have jobs only work part-time. Basic foodsincluding rice, sugar, flour, gas pedalare heavily subsidized by the government and sold for a fraction of their true cost.A 20 06 New Yorker article claimed that Libya hadprosperity without employment and adult populations of young people without a sense of purpose. Encouraged by pro-democracy rebellions across the Arab world, Libyan protestors had planned a day of rage for Thursday, February 17. Two days to begin with their plan was able to be put into action, security forces arrested a prominent lawyer named Fathi Terbil, who had represented families of some of the prisoners slaughtered by Libyan security forces at Abu trim prison in 1996.Once released from prison later that day, he set up a webcam overlooking Benghazis main square, where some of the families had been remonstrating. With help from exiled Libyans in Canada and around the world, the video spread rapidly on the Internet. Courage played a huge role in the development of this rebellion, and the fight for Libyans to build a democracy and gain human rights. It is reported that the Libyan ambassador in London resigned simply so he could join protests outside of the embassy and fight for the benefit of the Libyan people.Also, Egypt and Libya have both set up field hospitals on their borders and are trying to send help. A group of Libyan military officers have allowed the revealing of a statement calling on all members of the Libyan army to join the protesters. Advertisements in Guinea and Nigeria are offering up to $2,000 per day to fight as soldiers for the Libyan army. People across the world are teaming up and courageously taking a stand in order to achieve the freedom they are so desperately searching for.

Lack of Mother and Reunion in Victorian Times

LACK OF MOTHER AND METAPHORS OF REUNION IN OLIVER TWIST AND JANE EYRE The aim of this paper is to discuss the psychological effects of being p bentless and orphanhood and metaphors of reunion under mixer class distinction observation on the casings of two well known prissy novels Jane Eyre and O run shortr Twist. Orphanhood means having no p atomic number 18nts save in twee nightspot this term excessively refers to one who has deprived of simply one parent as Laura Peters states. As a head of this, returnlessness and orphanhood were considered the said(prenominal) in the Victorian Era. To write a life, in the Victorian period , is to write the story of the loss of mother states Caroline Dever. In other words, Victorian fiction or soly tells us the piteous stories of little motherless,orphan children who are vulnerable and disadvantaged. The importance of family and blood relations are gradeificant aspects of Victorian Era. So these little orphans should suck in defend themselves against disadvantages of being alone in this material world, also they had to get over their psychological traumas mostly by themselves. consort to Dever, mother is the symbol of the unity,safety and array in a childs life. Within the death of mother, the chock/heroine finds himself in a very dangerous , chaotic situation. In appurtenance to that, the female protagonist has to face with erotic danger. Mostly in Victorian novels, maternal lossis used a path to set the young protoganist free to build selfhood independently of parental constraint. The lack of parents leads the protagonist to start his quest in a disadvantaged position and he finds his inner strength to assert his personality.Orphans are in search of identity in social, psychological and personal dimensions. Lacans mirror phase is the very first step of being a person. When a muff first sees himself on the mirror, at first he tries to control and play it. When the baby understands that this is a reflect ion,he realizes that he is not a part ofmother, on the contrary, he has another personality. Until now,the baby thinks himself like a body part of his mother. With the mirror stage, he sees himself as a whole being and this realizationis very important for his identification.On the other mickle,this realization creates alienation. Understanding her mother is a seperate object makes him realise that this object is not under his control. Starting from now,he searches identificatory images to fill this lack,such as representations,doubles and other. In order to understand and achieve the main goals of Jane Eyre and Oliver Twist, we should consume a glance at Charles Dickens and Charlotte Brontes early lives. Charlotte Bronte was natural in 1816, the third daughter of the Rev. Patrick Bronte and his wife Maria.Her brother Patrick Branwell was born in 1817, and her sisters Emily and Anne in 1818 and 1820. In 1820, too, the Bronte family moved to Haworth, Mrs. Bronte dying the followi ng(a) yr. In 1824 the four eldest Bronte daughters were enrolled as pupils at the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge. The following year Maria and Elizabeth, the two eldest daughters, became ill, left the cultivate and died Charlotte and Emily, understandably, were brought home. In 1826 Mr. Bronte brought home a box of wooden soldiers for Branwell to play with.Charlotte, Emily, Branwell, and Ann, playing with the soldiers, cin one caseived of and began to write in swell detail slightly an imaginary world which they c all(prenominal)ed Angria. In 1831 Charlotte became a pupil at the school at Roe Head, but she left school the following year to teach her sisters at home. She returned returns to Roe Head School in 1835 as a governess for a time her sister Emily attended the same school as a pupil, but became homesick and returned to Haworth. Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, the son of John and Elizabeth Dickens. John Dickens was a clerk in the oceanic Pay Office. He had a short(p) head for finances, and in 1824 found himself imprisoned for debt. His wife and children, with the exception of Charles, who was put to work at Warrens Blacking factory, united him in the Marshalsea Prison. When the family finances were put at least partly to rights and his father was released, the twelve-year-old Dickens, already scarred psychologically by the experience, was further wounded by his mothers air pressure that he continue to work at the factory. His father, however, rescued him from that fate, and between 1824 and 1827 Dickens was a day pupil at a school in London.At fifteen, he found employment as an short letter boy at an attorneys, while he studied shorthand at night. His brief stint at the Blacking Factory haunted him all of his life he spoke of it simply to his wife and to his closest friend, John Foster but the dark conundrum became a source both of creative energy and of the preoccupation with the themes of alienation and betrayal which would emerge, most notably, in David Copperfield and in Great Expectations. Jane Eyre and Oliver Twist both grew up as orphans. They both struggled with poverty.Growing up in misery, because they were lower class, both Jane and Oliver did what they needed to do to get going. Oliver joined the pick-pocketers to earn money to live. Jane went through school and apply herself, so she would not end up unhappy and in poverty. Jane and Oliver had similar obstacles while trying to basically survive. Both Jane and Oliver, as children, were lower class. The plot of Jane Eyre follows the direct of a Bildungsroman, which tells the story of a childs maturation and focuses on the emotions and experiences that accompany and incite his or her growth to adulthood.In Jane Eyre, there are atomic number 23 distinct stages of development, each linked to a particular place Janes childhood at Gateshead, her education at the Lowood School, her time as Adeles governess at Thornfield, her time with the R ivers family at Morton and at Moor House, and her reunion with and marriage to Rochester at Ferndean. From these experiences, Jane becomes the mature woman who narrates the novel retrospectively Jane has no real parents and family, but only her dead uncles wife and her cousins. Janes childhood focuses on who she is and where she belongs to.She always looks for someone to identify herself because she faces the world with the primal lack The psychologist Carl Jung was interested in the collective unconscious or the primordial images and ideas that reside in every human beings psyche. often appearing in the forms of dreams,visions and fantasies , these images provoke strong emotions that are beyond the explanation of reason. In Jane Eyre, the limit of reality continually expand, so that dreams and visions have as much validity as a reason,providing access to the inner recesses of Janes and Rochesters psyches.Their relationship also has a spiritual component. Throughout the novel, Jan e is described as a fairy. Sitting in the red-room, she labels herself a tiny phantom,half fairy,half imp. As a fairy, Jane identifies herself as a excess,magical creature. Her dreams have a prophetic character, suggesting their almost spiritual ability to predict future. In a dream foreshadowing the direction of her relationship with Rochester, she is tossed on a gay but unquiet sea. Janes dream warns her that their relationship willing be rocky, bringing chaos and passion to her life.Not only Jane is a mythical creature, but the narrative she creates also has a mythic element, mixing realism and fantasy. We see the first instance of this as Jane sits nervously in the red-room and imagines a gleam of lightsomeness shining on the wall for her,this indicates a vision from another world As Janes departure from Gateshead was marked by her pseudo-supernatural experience in the red-room, her movement by from Lowood also has a paranormal component. Meditatingupon the best means for discovering anew job, Jane is visited by a kind fairy who offers her a solution.This psychic counsellor gives her very spesific advice get an advertisement in the local newspaper, with answers addressed to J. E. , and do it immediately. The fairys plan works, and Jane soon discovers the job at Thornfield. As a gypsy woman, Rochester aligned himself with mystical knowledge. During his corpulent of her fortune, Rochester seems to have peered directly into Janes heart, leaning her deep into a dram-state she likens to a web of mystification. He magically weaves a web around Jane with words, and appears to have watched every movement of her heart, like an unseen spirit.During this scene, he wears a red cloak, showing that he has taken over the position of Red Riding roof that Jane held earlier. The position he gives Mason also has mystical powers, giving Mason the strength he lacks for an hour or so, hinting at Rochesters mysterious possibly supernatural powers. In emphasizing the uni queness of Jane and Rocesters love, Bronte gives their collisions a mythical smell, so that they are depicted as archetypes of true lovers. Her association of Rochesterss horde and dog with the Gytrash places their initial meeting in an almost fairytale-like setting.Later, Rochesters reveals that at this initial meeting, he thought Jane was a fairy who had bewitched his horse. The lovers reunion at the end of the novel also has a psychic component. As she is about to accept St. Johns wishes, Jane experiences a sensation as sharp, as strange , as shocking as an electric shock. Then she heards Rochesters translator calling her have-to doe with. The voice comes from nowhere,speaking in pain and woe,wildly,urgently. So powerful is this voice that Jane cries, I am coming and runs out of the door into the garden, but she discovers no sign of Rochester.She rejects the notion that this is the immoralityish voice of the witchcraft, but feels that it comes from benevolent nature, not a m iracle , but natures best effort to help her, as if the forces of nature are assisting this very special relationship. She introduces the ideal of a telepathic bond between the lovers. This psychic sympathy leads Jane to hear Rochesters frantic call for her,and for Rochester to pick her response out of the wind. In fact, he even correctly intuits that her response came fromsome mountainous place.Through the novels supernatural elements, Jane and Rochester become archetypes of ideal lovers, supporting Janes exorbitant claim that noone was ever nearer to her mate than I am. These mythic elements transforms their relationship from ordinary to extraordinary. The ending of Jane Eyre is perhaps the most obvious happy ending of the books in Victorian Era. The ending, which is like a germ when Rochester and Jane are reunited at the house at Ferndean , details the manifold ways in which Jane and Mr. Rochesters lives and souls evolve and change after their reunion, through their own work and by the hand of God.They mature as individuals, but also grow exceptionally close as a couple, coming to work unneurotic with perfect concur (Bronte, 384. ) As the novel concludes, miracles are worked, love and sight are restored, a child is born and a new haven of domestic bliss is naturalized in Jane and Rochesters home. Emerging as an ideal Victorian companion, wife and mother, Jane stands as the perfect woman that Bertha, the mad woman in the attic and Mr. Rochesters first wife, could never be. She and Rochester establish the domestic bliss that could not found with Bertha, and come to prize it above all else but God.The end of Jane Eyre starts with a beginning Jane, who calls Rochester master, and Rochester, who calls Jane darling, come together once more, and this time for good. Seeing him for the first time in years, Jane is in rapture (367), although she initially keeps her presence concealed from Rochester. When she finally presents herself to Rochester, the couple is to gether once more, It is an ideal reunion. With her return, Rochesters life is instantly changed Rochesters heart renewed, the couple goes on to define themselves a new as companions, and then lovers.Jane Eyre is critical of Victorian Englands unbending social hierarchy. Brontes exploration of the complicated social position of governesses is perhaps the novels most important treatment of this theme. Like Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights, Jane is a figure of ambiguous class standing and, consequently, a source of utmost(a) tension for the characters around her. Janes manners, sophistication, and education are those of an aristocrat, because Victorian governesses, who tutored children in etiquette as well as academics, were expected to possess the culture of the aristocracy.Yet, as paid employees, they were more or less treated as servants thus, Jane remains penniless and weak while at Thornfield. Janes understanding of the double standard crystallizes when she becomes aware of her feelings for Rochester she is his intellectual, but not his social, equal. Even before the crisis surrounding Bertha Mason, Jane is hesitant to marry Rochester because she senses that she would feel indebted to him for condescending to marry her. Janes distress, which appears most strongly in Chapter 17, seems to be Brontes critique of Victorian class attitudes.Jane herself speaks out against class prepossession at certain moments in the book. For example, in Chapter 23 she asks Rochester Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong I have as much soul as youand full as much heart And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. However, it is also important to note that nowhere in Jane Eyre are societys boundaries bent.Ultimately, Jane is only able to marry Rochester as his equal because she has almost magically come into her own inheritance from her uncle. Jane struggles continually to achieve equality and to inhibit oppression. In addition to class hierarchy, she must fight against patriarchal dominationagainst those who believe women to be inferior to men and try to treat them as such. iii central male figures threaten her desire for equality and dignity Mr. Brocklehurst, Edward Rochester, and St. John Rivers. All three are misogynistic on some level.Each tries to keep Jane in a submissive position, where she is unable to express her own thoughts and feelings. In her quest for independence and self-knowledge, Jane must escape Brocklehurst, reject St. John, and come to Rochester only after ensuring that they may marry as equals. This last condition is met once Jane proves herself able to function, through the time she spends at Moor House, in a community and in a family. She will not depend solely on Rochester for love and she can be financially independent. Furthermore, Rochester is blind at the novels end and thus dependent upon Jane to be his prop and guide. In Chapter 12, Jane articulates what was for her time a radically feminist philosophy Women are supposed to be very calm more often than not but women feel just as men feel they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do they nourish from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags.It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced undeniable for their sex. Dickens sets Oliver Twist in early 19th-century England, a time when long-held ideas and beliefs came under serious scrutiny. Profound changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, religious uncertainty, scie ntific advancement, and political and social upheaval caused many Victorians to reexamine many aspects of their society and culture. Industrialization drove many farmworkers into the cities, where poor labor conditions and inadequate housing condemned most of them to poverty.The unprecedented increase in urban population fostered new and overwhelming problems of sanitation, overcrowding, poverty, disease, and crime in the huge slums intermeshed by impoverished workers, the unemployed, and the unfortunate. London slums bred the sort of crime Dickens portrays in Oliver Twist. The novel is set against the background of the New Poor Law of 1834, which established a system of workhouses for those who, because of poverty, sickness, mental disorder, or age, could not provide for themselves.Young Oliver Twist, an orphan, spends his first nine years in a baby farm, a workhouse for children in which only the hardiest survive. When Oliver goes to London, he innocently falls in with a gang of youthful thieves and pickpockets headed by a vile abominable named Fagin. Dickens renders a powerful and in the main realistic portrait of this criminal underworld, with all its sordidness and sin. He later contrasts the squalor and cruelty of the workhouse and the city slums with the peace and love Oliver finds in the country at the Maylies home.Oliver Twist The novels protagonist is an orphan born in a workhouse, and Dickens uses his situation to criticize public policy toward the poor in 1830s England. Oliver is between nine and twelve years old when the main action of the novel occurs. Though treated with cruelty and surrounded by coarseness for most of his life, he is a pious, innocent child, and his charms draw the attention of several wealthy benefactors. His true identity is the central mystery of the novel As the child hero of a melodramatic novel of social protest, Oliver Twist is meant to appeal more to our sentiments than to our literary sensibilities.On many levels, O liver is not a believable character, because although he is raised in corrupt surroundings, his purity and virtue are absolute. Throughout the novel, Dickens uses Olivers character to challenge the Victorian idea that paupers and criminals are already malign at birth, arguing instead that a corrupt environment is the source of vice. At the same time, Olivers incorruptibility undermines some of Dickenss assertions. Oliver is shocked and horrified when he sees the Artful Dodger and Charley Bates pick a strangers pocket and again when he is forced to participate in a burglary.Olivers moral scruples about the sanctity of property seem inborn in him, just as Dickenss opponents thought that corruption is inborn in poor mass. Furthermore, other pauper children use rough Cockney slang, but Oliver, oddly enough, speaks in proper Kings English. His grammatical fastidiousness is also inexplicable, as Oliver presumably is not well-educated. Even when he is abused and manipulated, Oliver doe s not become angry or indignant. When Sikes and Crackit force him to assist in a robbery, Oliver merely begs to be allowed to run away and die in the fields. Oliver does not present a complex picture of a person torn between good and loathsomenessinstead, he is goodness incarnate. pic Even if we might feel that Dickenss social criticism would have been more effective if he had focused on a more complex poor character, like the Artful Dodger or Nancy, the audience for whom Dickens was writing might not have been undecided to such a portrayal. Dickenss Victorian middle-class readers were likely to hold opinions on the poor that were only a little less extreme than those expressed by Mr.Bumble, the beadle who treats paupers with great cruelty. In fact, Oliver Twist was criticized for portraying thieves and prostitutes at all. Given the stern morals of Dickenss audience, it may have seemed necessary for him to make Oliver a saintlike figure. Because Oliver appealed to Victorian reade rs sentiments, his story may have stood a better chance of effectively challenging their prejudices Throughout Oliver Twist, Dickens criticizes the Victorian stereotype of the poor as criminals from birth.However, after a strident critique of the representation of the poor as contagious criminals, he portrays Monks as a criminal whose nature has been determined since birth. Brownlow tells Monks, You . . . from your cradle were gall and bitterness to your own fathers heart, and . . . all evil passions, vice, and profligacy, festered in you. Monkss evil character seems less the fruit of his own decisions than of his birth. Oliver Twist is full of mistaken, assumed, and changed identities. Oliver joins his final domestic scene by assuming yet another identity.Once the mystery of his real identity is revealed, he quickly exchanges it for another, becoming Brownlows adopted son. After all the fuss and the labyrinthine conspiracies to conceal Olivers identity, it is ironic that he give s it up almost as soon as he discovers it. The final chapters quickly deliver the justice that has been delayed throughout the novel. Fagin dies on the gallows. Sikes hangs himself by accidentit is as though the hand of fate or a higher authority reaches out to execute him. Mr. and Mrs. Bumble are deprived of the right to ever hold public office again.They descend into poverty and suffer the same privations they had forced on paupers in the past. Monks never reforms, nor does life show him any mercy. True to Brownlows characterization of him as bad from birth, he continues his idle, evil ways and dies in an American prison. For him, there is no redemption. Like Noah, he serves as a foila character whose attributes contrast with, and thereby accentuate, those of anotherto Olivers character. He is as evil, twisted, and mean while Oliver is good, virtuous, and kind. Oliver and all of his friends, of course, enjoy a blissful, fairy-tale ending.Everyone takes up residence in the same nei ghborhood and lives together like one big, happy family. Perhaps the strangest part of the concluding section of Oliver Twist is Leefords condition for Olivers inheritance. Leeford states in his will that, if his child were a son, he would inherit his estate only on the stipulation that in his minority he should never have stained his name with any public act of dishonor, meanness, cowardice, or wrong. It seems strange that a father would consign his child to lifelong poverty as well as the blemish of illegitimacy if the son ever move a single wrong in childhood.In the same way that the court is willing to punish Oliver for crimes committed by another, Leeford is ready to punish Oliver for any small misdeed merely because he hated his first son, Monks, so much. One contradiction that critics of Oliver Twist have pointed out is that although Dickens spends much of the novel openly attacking retributive justice, the conclusion of the novel is quick to deliver such justice. At the s torys end, crimes are punished harshly, and devilish characters are still hereditary devils to the very end.The only real change is that Oliver is now acknowledged as a hereditary angel rather than a hereditary devil. No one, it seems, can escape the identity dealt to him or her at birth. The real crime of characters like Mr. Bumble and Fagin may not have been mistreating a defenseless childit may have been mistreating a child who was born for a better life. Yet Dickenss crusade for forgiveness and tolerance is upheld by his treatment of more minor characters, like Nancy, whose memory is sanctified, and Charley Bates, who redeems himself and enters honest society.These characters fates demonstrate that the individual can indeed mount above his or her circumstances, and that an unfortunate birth does not have to guarantee an unfortunate life and legacy. Oliver Twist is a story about the battles of good versus evil, with the evil continually trying to corrupt and exploit the good. It portrays the power of Love, Hate, Greed, and Revenge and how each can affect the people involved. The love between Rose and Harry in the end conquers all the obstacles between them.The hate that Monks feels for Oliver and the greed he feels towards his inheritance eventually destroys him. The revenge that Sikes inflicts on Nancy drives him almost insane and eventually to accidental suicide. Dickens colossal array of touching characters emphasizes the virtues of sacrifice, compromise, jack ladder, and loyalty. Most importantly, though the system for the poor is not changed, the good in Dickens novel outweighs the evil, and the main characters that are part of this good live happily ever after Poverty is a prominent concern in Oliver Twist.Throughout the novel, Dickens enlarges on this theme, describing slums so decrepit that whole rows of houses are on the point of ruin. In an early chapter, Oliver attends a paupers funeral with Mr. Sowerberry and sees a whole family crowded toget her in one miserable room. This ubiquitous misery makes Olivers fewer encounters with charity and love more poignant. Oliver owes his life several times over to kindness both large and small. The apparent plague of poverty that Dickens describes also conveyed to his middle-class readers how much of the London population was stricken with poverty and disease.Nonetheless, in Oliver Twist he delivers a somewhat mixed message about social caste and social injustice. Olivers illegitimate workhouse origins place him at the nadir of society as an orphan without friends, he is routinely despised. His sturdy spirit keeps him alive disrespect the torment he must endure. Most of his associates, however, deserve their place among societys dregs and seem very much at home in the depths. Noah Claypole, a charity boy like Oliver, is idle, stupid, and cowardly Sikes is a thug Fagin lives by corrupting children and the Artful Dodger seems born for a life of crime.Many of the middle-class people Ol iver encountersMrs. Sowerberry, Mr. Bumble, and the savagely hypocritical gentlemen of the workhouse board, for example are, if anything, worse. Oliver, on the other hand, who has an air of refinement remarkable for a workhouse boy, proves to be of gentle birth. Although he has been abused and neglected all his life, he recoils, aghast, at the idea of victimizing anyone else. This apparently hereditary gentlemanliness makes Oliver Twist something of a challenging tale, not just an indictment of social injustice.Oliver, born for better things, struggles to survive in the savage world of the underclass before finally being rescued by his family and returned to his proper placea commodious country house. In both novels,the protagonists managed to survive in spite of their lack of disadvantages. Jane,who never saw her parents,finds herself positive role-models and with the inspirationof these models she manages to reach her happy ending even there is a strict class distinction. Some cri tics say, Janes success comes from her motherlessness.Marianne Hirsch explains this and says The heroine attemping to cut herself off from a constraining past, to invent a new story, her own story, and eager to avoid the typically devastatingfate of her mother (Hirsch 44) Oliver, who suffered a lot and managed to stay pure and clean, got the divine judgement and possesses a family now and he is away happy with his family Throughout the novel, Jane is described as a fairy. Read more http//www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/literature/Jane-Eyre-Critical-Essays-A-Jungian-Approach-to-Jane-Eyre. id-23,pageNum-725. htmlixzz0ogTEssy5